Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
adaptivy immunity two parts |
humoral and cellular - also has a memory component |
|
|
this involves antibodies produced by b cells |
humoral immunity |
|
|
this involves antibodies produced by t cells |
cellular immunity |
|
|
effectro cells in humoral immunity target |
antigens outside cells, bacteria in extracellular spaces of the host ( virus infected cell ) |
|
|
__________ is a range of microbial defenses that target specific pathogens. Unlike innate defenses, the adaptive immune system defenses are acquired through infection or vaccination and are highly specific. |
Adaptive immunity |
|
|
these mimic the adaptive immunity by dilberatly exposing people to harmless versions of pahtogens - killed or living microorgnisms or inactivated bacterial toxins |
immunization or vaccination |
|
|
adaptive immune sstem works only when |
innate defenses fail to stop a microbe |
|
|
adaptive system length |
days - innate is more immediate |
|
|
first time the adaptive immune system meets and combats a foreign substance is called |
primary response - later interactions with the same cell is called a secondary response |
|
|
health 4 body fluids ( humors ) |
blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile |
|
|
immunity brought about by protective molecules called antibodies |
humoral immunity |
|
|
these combat foreign molecules refered to as antigens |
antibodies |
|
|
humoral immunity involves |
b lymphocytes or b cells which remove viruses bacteria an toxins from body tissue fluids and blood by recognizing anigens and making antibodies against them |
|
|
b cells named for |
bursa of fabricius - red bone marrow after 3rd month |
|
|
stem cells develop in |
s |
|
|
stem cells if pass or stay in red bone marrow of adults they |
differentiate to b cells and migrate to lymphdoi tissue such as spleen and lymph nodes |
|
|
stem cells if pass through the thymus they |
goto thymus and differentiate to t cells in thymus and migrate to lymphoid such as spleen and lymph nodes |
|
|
these are the basis of cellular immunity also called cell mediated immunity - do not bind to antigens directly but recognize antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells such as macrophages - mature in thymus |
p lymphocytes or t cells |
|
|
t cells like b cells respond to antigens by means of resceptors on their surface |
t cell receptors - secrete cytokines or antibodies |
|
|
communication of immune response is - soluble proteins or glycoproteins produced by all cells of the immune system in response to stimulus |
cytokines |
|
|
cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes are known as |
interleukins |
|
|
A family of small cytokines that induces the migration of leukocytes into areas of infection or tissue damage is called - hiv |
chemokines, from chemotaxis. |
|
|
family of cytokines - interfere with viral infections in host cells |
interferons |
|
|
- family of cytokines - function in cotrolling the pathways by which stem cells develop into different red or white blood cells |
hematopoietic cytokines |
|
|
cytokines storm - influenza, ebola, graft |
overproduction of cytokine |
|
|
Substances that cause the production of antibodies are called |
antigens —from antibody generators - proteins or large polysaccharides - lipids and nucleic acids antigenic only when combined with proteins and polysaccharides |
|
|
antigenic compounds |
invading microbes - vapsules, cell walls, flagella, fimbriae, toxins of bacteria, coats of viruses |
|
|
nonmicrobial antigens include |
pollen, egg white, blood cell surface molecules , serum proteins, surface molecules of tissue and organs |
|
|
antigens that cause a response in humoral immunity with the production of antibodies are called |
immunogens |
|
|
antibodies interact on region of antigen called |
epitope or antigenic determinants |
|
|
foreign substance that has a low molecular weight is - called haptens - penicillin is an example |
not antigenic unless attached to carrier molecule |
|
|
antien molecular weight of 10k |
ya |
|
|
immunoglobulins(Ig) |
antibodies are globulin proteins - soluble - in response to an antigen |
|
|
each antibody has at least |
2 identical antigen binding sites that bind to epitopes - number of antigen binding sites on antibody called valence |
|
|
bivalent antibody called - 4 protein chains ( two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains) - y shaped, flexible, can asume t shape - ends of y arms are called variable regions which bind to the epitopes - stem of monomer called constant regions or Fc regions (fragment that crystallized in cold storage ) which are the same for all antibodies of the sam class (5 types of C regions which are five major classes of immunogloublins) |
monomer |
|
|
A hapten is a molecule |
too small to stimulate antibody formation by itself. = However, when the hapten is combined with a larger carrier molecule, usually a serum protein, the hapten and its carrier together form a conjugate that can stimulate an immune response. |
|
|
The five classes of Igs are designated |
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. |
|
|
The structures of IgG, IgD, and IgE molecules are |
Y-shaped. |
|
|
Molecules of________are aggregates of two or five monomers, respectively, that are joined together. |
IgA and IgM |
|
|
IgG |
- gamma - 80% antibodies in serum - cross walls - cross placenta -neutralize bacterial toxins, trigger compelement system, and when bound to antigens, enhance the effectiveness of phagocytic cells |
|
|
IgM |
- macro - 6% of antibodies in serum - pentamer structure 5 monomers with joining chain, this prevents igm from moving freely - remain in blood vessels - ABO blood group - clumping of cells and viruses - appears first in response to a primary infection - short lived |
|
|
IgA |
- 13% antibodies in serum - mucous membranes and body secretions - serum IgA monomer - secretory IgA dimer (2 monomers) - most effective (function= prevent attachment of microbial pathogens to mucosal surfaces) - short |
|
|
IgD |
-.2% antibodies in serum - blood, lymph, surface of b cells - on b cells it assists in the immune response |
|
|
IgE |
- .002% antibodies in serum - |
|
|
- monomer - 80% - blood, lymph, intestine - HL 23 days - complement fixation yes - placental transfer yes - enhances phagocytosis; neutralizes toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn |
IgG |
|
|
- pentamer - disulfide bond and J chain - 6% - blood, lymph, b cells surface (as monomer) - HL 5 days - complement fixation yes - placental transfer no - effective against agglutinating antigens; first antibodies produced in resposne to initial infection |
IgM |
|
|
-Dimer ( with secretory component ) - J chain - 13% - secretions, blood, lymph - HL 6 days - complement fixation no - placental transfer no - protection on mucosal surfaces |
IgA |
|
|
- monomer - .02% - B cell surface, blood, lymph - HL 3 days - complement fixation no - placental transfer no - in be cells helps immune response |
IgD |
|
|
- monomer - .002% - mast and basophil cells, blood - HL 2 days - complement fixation no - placental transfer no - allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms |
IgE |
|
|
activation of b cells to produce antibodies - specifically antibodies against a t dependent antigen |
1. b cell receptors recognize and attach to antigen 2. antigen is internalized into the b cell 3. fragments of the antigen are presented on MHC proteins on the surace of the cell 4. t helper cell that recognizes this antigen fragment is activated and releases cytokines, activating the b cell 5. activated b cell begins clonal expansion, producing antibody producing plasma cells and memory cells |
|
|
humoral response is carried out by |
antibodies |
|
|
antibodies are produced by |
lymphocytes calle db cells |
|
|
majority of b cells surface immunoglobulins are |
igm and igd |
|
|
activated b cell undergoes |
cclonal expansion or proliferation - ususally requires the assistace of a t helper cells Th |
|
|
an antigen that requires a TH t helper cell for antibody production is known as |
t dependent antigen - mainly proteins - |
|
|
a collection of genes that encode molecules of genetically diverse glycoproteins |
major histocomptibility complex |
|
|
class 1 major histocompatibility complex |
plasma membrane of mammalian nucleated cells - identify self, preventing immune system from making antibodies that would be harmful to the host |
|
|
class 1 major histocompatibility complex |
- only on surface of antigen presenting molecules, including b cells |
|
|
class switching |
b cell capable of making different calsses of antibody with unchanged antigenic specificity - primary and seoncdary immune response - when igg begins in secondary response igm decreases - harmful b cells eliminated by clonal deletion |
|
|
__________ have repeating units (epitopes) that can cross-link several antigen receptors on the same B cell. These antigens stimulate the B cell to make antibodies without the aid of T helper cells. The polysaccharides of bacterial capsules are examples of this type of antigen. |
T-independent antigens |
|
|
antigens that stimulat b cells without help of t cells called |
t independent antigens - bacterial capsules |
|
|
when antibody encounters specific antigen |
antigen antibody complex form - at epitope or antigenic determinant - strength of bond called affinity ( closer the physical fit the higher the affinity ) - brings specificity |
|
|
protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens |
- agglutination = reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with -opsonization = coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis - activation of complement = cuases inflammation and cell lysis - antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity = antibodies attached to taret cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells - neutralization = blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa |
|
|
antibodies cause antigens to clump together - this makes it more easy for phagocytes to ingest - IgM |
agglutination |
|
|
antigen such as bacterium is coated with antibodies, or complement proteins that enhance its ingestion and lysis by phagocytic cells |
opsonization |
|
|
target organism becomes coated with antibodies - target cell is destroyed by immune system cells that remain external t the target cell |
antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
|
|
IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attahcment to host cell, neutralizes toxins |
neutralization |
|
|
humoral antibodies are effeective against pathogens such as |
viruses and bacteria that are circulating feely |
|
|
intracellular antigens (virus within an infected cell) not exposed to |
circulating antibodies |
|
|
what gives b cells specificity |
coating of immunoglobulins |
|
|
what gives t cells specificity |
t cell receptors |
|
|
thymic selection (weeding of t cells that will not recognize MHC molecules) for t cells like |
clonal deletion of b cells |
|
|
microfold cells or m cells |
- located over peyers patches(IgA produced here) ( seoncdary lymphoid organs located on the intestinal wall) - take antigens from intestinal tract and allow their transfer to the lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells of the immune system |
|
|
these are characterized by long extensions -induce immune responses by t cells - skin and genital tract called langerhans cells |
|
|
|
cells usually found in resting state - rid body of cellular debris - enhance this is : ingestion of antigenic material, cytokines produced by t helper cell - cancer cells, virus infected cells, intracellular pathogens - activated = large and ruffled |
macrophages |
|
|
precursor t cytotixic cells CTLp |
- differentiate into an effector cell called a cytotoxic t lymphocyte CTL |
|
|
clusters of differentiation CD |
- how t cells are classified - glycoproteins on surface - adhesion to receptors - CD4 and CD8 ( cells that carry these molecules are CD4+ and CD8+) |
|
|
TH cells classified as |
CD4+, bind to MHC class II no b cells and APCs |
|
|
CTL cytotoxic t lymphocyte cells are classified as |
CD8+ , which bind to MHC class I molecules |
|
|
For a CD4+ T cell to become activated, |
its T cell receptor recognizes antigen fragments held in a complex with proteins of MHC class II on the surface of the APC. - costimulatory signal from apc or t helper cell also required for activation |
|
|
activation of cd4+ t helper cells |
- to activate at least 2 signals are required: 1. binding of TCR to processed antigen. 2. costimulating cytokine. - once activated the TH cell secretes cytokines that affect the effector functions of multiple cell types of the immune system |
|
|
steps of activatio of cd4+ t helper cells |
1. An APC encounters and ingests a microorganism. The antigen is enzymatically processed into short peptides, which combine with MHC class II molecules and are displayed on the surface ofthe APC. 2. A receptor (TCR) on the surface of the CD4+ T helper cell (TH cell) binds to the MHC–antigen complex. This includes a Toll-like receptor. The TH cell or APC is stimulated to secrete a costimulatory molecule. These two signals activate the TH cell, which produces cytokines. 3. The cytokines cause the TH cell (which recognizes a dendritic cell that is producing costimulatory molecules) to become activated. |
|
|
excessive amounts of TH17 cells |
contribute to infflammation and injury in autoimmune diseases such as sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, crohns disease - asthma, allergic dermatits - deficiency makes one susceptible to opeprtunisitc infections |
|
|
killing of virus infected target cell by cytotoxic t lymphocyte CTL steps |
1. A normal cell will not trigger a response by a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), but a virus-infected cell or a cancer cell produces abnormal endogenous antigens.
2. The abnormal antigen is presented on the cell surface in association with MHC class I molecules. Binding of a TH1 cell promotes secretion of cytokines. 3 The cytokines activate a precursor CTL, which produces a clone of CTLs. 4. the CTL induces destruction of the virus infected cell by apoptosis |
|
|
cytokines produced by Th1 cells especially IFNy activate mostly those cells related to important element s of cellular immunity - delayed hypersensatibity and activation of macrophages |
ya |
|
|
TH2 cells |
produce cytokines - production of antibodies IgE - activation of eosinophils |
|
|
T regulatory cells or t suppressor cells |
5-10% of t cell population - CD4+ t helper cells and carry additional CD 25 molecule - suppress t cells that excape deletion in the thymus - protect beneficial bacteria - protect fetus from rejection as nonself |
|
|
T cytotoxic cells (CD8+ cells) |
- not capable of attacking any target cell right after emerging from the thymus - required activation by an antigen processed by a dendritic cel and interaction with TH cell and costimulatory signals - kills target cells that are considered nonself - on surface they carry framents of endogenous antigens ( synthesized within the cell and mostly viral or parasitic origin) - tumor cells and transplanted foreing tissue - recognizeds endogenous antigens on the target cells surface that combine with and MHC class I molecule ( because MHC class I molecule is found on nucleated cells, CTL can attack almost any cell of the host that has been altered) - pore formation ( perforin ) - granzymes ( proteases that induce apoptosis) |
|
|
MHC class I molecules found on |
nucleated cells, |
|
|
proteases that induce apoptosis |
granzymes |
|
|
apoptosis or programmed cell death |
-cell host determines whether the death of cells is natural or if due to trauma or diseas - if due to disease the bodys defense and repari mechanisms are mobilized - if a cell cannot clear a pthogen in any other way, it clears it by dyings by apoptosis - prevents spread of infectious viruses into other cells - undergo blebbing where membranes bulge outward and genome is cut into fragments |
|
|
- large granular leukocytes - can attack parasites - not immunologicallly specific - do not need to be stimulated by an antigen - distinguish normal cells from transformed cells(cells infected with intracellular pathogens) - determine whether target cell expreses MHC class I if not they kill the target cell by lysis or apoptosis - 10-15% of lymphocytes |
natural killer cells |
|
|
T Helper (TH1) Cell |
Activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity: macrophages, Tc cells, and natural killer cells |
|
|
T Helper (TH2) Cell |
Stimulates production of eosinophils, IgM, and IgE |
|
|
T Helper (TH17) |
Cell Recruits neutrophils; stimulates production of antimicrobial proteins |
|
|
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) |
Destroys target cells on contact; generated from T cytotoxic (TC) cell |
|
|
T Regulatory (Treg) |
Cell Regulates immune response and helps maintain self-tolerance Activated Macrophage Enhanced phagocytic activity; attacks cancer cells |
|
|
Natural Killer (NK) |
Cell Attacks and destroys target cells; participates in antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity |
|
|
antibody dependent cell mediated cytoxicity - orgnaisms like parasitic worm or protozoan that is too large for ingestion and destruction by phagocytosis |
1. target cell coated with antibodies 2. eosinophils, macrphages, and nk cells bind to Fc region 3. target cell lysed by substances secred by the cells of the immune system |
|
|
secondary response or memory anamnestic response |
- more rapid - lasts many days |
|
|
intesity of the antibody mediated humoral response is reflected by |
antibody titer - amount of antibody in the serum |
|
|
after initial contact with antigen serum contains |
no detectable antibodies for 4- 7 days - after there is a slow rise in antibody titer, first igm then igg , then titer decreases |
|
|
when antibodies transferred from one person to another - lasts only as long as antibodies are present - gamma globulin (immune serum globulin) used to transfer passive immunity because it contains most of the antibodies |
passive immunity
|
|
|
person is exposed to microbes and immune system responds is called |
immunity acquired actively when |
|
|
_________ develops when a person is exposed to antigens through everyday life, becomes ill, and then recovers. - Once acquired, immunity is lifelong for some diseases, such as measles. - For certain other diseases, especially intestinal diseases, the immunity may last for only a few years. - Subclinical infections or inapparent infections (those that produce no noticeable symptoms or signs of illness) can also confer immunity. |
naturally acquired active immunity |
|
|
___________ involves the natural transfer of antibodies from a mother to her infant. - Anti- bodies in a pregnant woman cross the placenta to her fetus—transplacental transfer. - breast milk (colostrum first secretions) |
naturally acquired passive immunity |
|
|
Antigens enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes |
naturally acquire active immunite |
|
|
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother's mil |
naturally acquired passively immunity |
|
|
Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes |
artificially acquired active immunity |
|
|
Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection - injection of antibodies rather than antigens from human or animal already immune to disease |
artificially acquired passive immunity |
|
|
blood derived fluid containing antibodies |
antiserum |
|
|
study of reactions between antibodies and antigens is called |
serology |
|
|
sepearation of serum proteins by gel electrophoresis |
the negatively charged proteins of the serum migrate through the gel from the negatively charged end (cathode) to the positively charged end (anode). |
|
|
serum fraction that contains the most antibodies is |
gamma glovulin |
|
|
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune system - Control of freely circulating pathogens |
- extracellular antigens - b cell binds to specific antigen. t dependent b cell requires t helper cell - cytokines from t helper cell transform b cells into antibody producing plasma cells ( some become memory cells which rapidly respond to any secondary encounter with an antigen ) - plasma cell produces antibodies against antigen |
|
|
Cellular ( cell - mediated ) immune system - control of intracellular pathogens |
- intracellular antigens expressed on surface of an APC, cell infeted by a virus, bacterium, or parasite - t cell binds to MHC (antigen complexes on the surface of the infected cell) activating the t cell with its cytokine receptors - macrophage activated which makes enhanced phagocytic activity - CTLP becomes activated by cytotoxic t lymphocyte (CTL) and is able to induce apoptosis of the target cell |
|
|
cytokines activate |
t helper cells in humoral immunity and macrophages in cellular immunity |
|
|
The adaptive immune system is divided into two parts, each responsible for dealing with pathogens in different ways. These twosystems function interdependently to keep the body free of pathogens. - Humoral immunity, also called antibody-mediated immunity, is directed at - Cellular immunity, also called cell-mediated immunity, depends on |
- freely circulating pathogens and depends on B cells. - T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens, reject foreign tissue recognized as nonself, and destroy tumor cells. |
|
|
- Cellular immunity, also called cell-mediated immunity, depends on |
T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens, reject foreign tissue recognized as nonself, and destroy tumor cells. |
|
|
Humoral immunity, also called antibody-mediated immunity, is directed at |
freely circulating pathogens and depends on B cells. |
|
|
Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to |
react specifically to a microbial infection. |
|
|
The body’s response to the first contact with an antigen is called the |
primary response. |
|
|
Subsequent contact with the same antigen results in a |
secondary or memory response to that antigen. |
|
|
Humoral immunity involves antibodies, which are found in |
serum and lymph and are produced by B cells. |
|
|
Lymphocytes that mature in red bone marrow become |
B cells. |
|
|
Cellular immunity involves |
T cells. |
|
|
Lymphocytes that migrate through the thymus become |
T cells. |
|
|
T cell receptors recognize antigens presented on |
MHC. |
|
|
Cellular immunity responds to _________; humoral immunity responds to___________ |
cellular = intracellular antigens humoral = antigens in body fluids. |
|
|
Cells of the immune system communicate with each other by means of chemicals called |
cytokines. |
|
|
Interleukins (IL) are |
cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes. |
|
|
Chemokines cause leukocytes to |
migrate to an infection. |
|
|
- Some interferons stimulate the immune response; others protect cells against viruses. - Tumor necrosis factor promotes the |
inflammatory reaction. |
|
|
Hematopoietic cytokines promote |
development of white blood cells. |
|
|
Overproduction of cytokines leads to a |
cytokine storm, which results in tissue damage. |
|
|
An antigen (or immunogen) is a chemical substance that |
causes the body to produce specific antibodies. |
|
|
_________ are proteins or large polysaccharides. Anti- bodies are formed against specific regions on antigens called epitopes, or antigenic determinants. |
As a rule, antigens |
|
|
A hapten is a |
low-molecular-weight substance that cannot cause the formation of antibodies unless combined with a carrier molecule; haptens react with their antibodies independently of the carrier molecule. |
|
|
An antibody, or immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by |
B cells in response to an antigen and is capable of combining specifically with that antigen. |
|
|
Typical monomers consist of ____ polypeptide chains: two heavy chains and two light chains. They have two antigen-binding sites. |
4 |
|
|
Within each chain is a ________that binds the epitope and a _________ that distinguishes the different classes of antibodies. |
variable (V) region binds with epitope constant (C) region distinguishes different classes of antibodies |
|
|
An antibody monomer is Y-shaped or T-shaped: the V regions form the tips, and the C regions form the base and Fc (stem) region. - The Fc region can attach to a |
host cell or to complement. |
|
|
_____antibodies are the most prevalent in serum; they provide naturally acquired passive immunity, neutralize bacterial toxins, participate in complement fixation, and enhance phagocytosis. |
IgG |
|
|
_____ antibodies consist of five monomers held by a joining chain; they are involved in agglutination and complement fixation. |
IgM |
|
|
_____antibodies are monomers; |
Serum IgA |
|
|
_______antibodies are dimers that protect mucosal surfaces from invasion by pathogens. |
secretory IgA |
|
|
_____ antibodies are on B cells; they may delete B cells that produce antibodies against self. |
IgD |
|
|
____ antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions. |
IgE |
|
|
______ have antibodies on their surfaces, which recognize specific epitopes. |
B cells |
|
|
For T-independent antigens: |
a clone of B cells is selected by free antigens. |
|
|
For T-dependent antigens: |
the B cell’s immunoglobulins combine with an antigen, and the antigen fragments, combined with MHC class II, activate TH cells. The TH cells activate a B cell. |
|
|
Activated B cells differentiate into |
plasma cells and memory cells. |
|
|
Plasma cells produce |
IgM antibodies and then produce other classes, usually IgG. |
|
|
B cells that cant recognize self are eliminated by |
clonal deletion. |
|
|
Immunoglobulin genes in B cells recombine so that mature B cells each have different genes for the V region of their antibodies. |
ya |
|
|
An antigen–antibody complex forms when an |
antibody binds to its specific epitopes on an antigen. |
|
|
Agglutination results when an |
antibody combines with epitopes on two different cells. |
|
|
Opsonization enhances |
phagocytosis of the antigen. |
|
|
Antibodies that attach to microbes or toxins and prevent them gaining access to the host or performing their action cause |
neutralization. |
|
|
Complement activation results in |
cell lysis. |
|
|
T cells mature in the |
thymus gland. |
|
|
Thymic selection removes |
T cells that don’t recognize MHC molecules of the host and T cells that will attach host cells presenting self proteins in MHC. |
|
|
Helper T cells recognize |
antigens processed by antigen-presenting cells and presented in MHC II. |
|
|
Cytotoxic T cells recognize |
antigens processed by all host cells and presented in MHC I. |
|
|
APCs |
antigen presenting cells |
|
|
APCs include |
B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. |
|
|
_______ cells are the primary APCs. |
Dendritic cells |
|
|
Activated macrophages are effective |
phagocytes and APCs. |
|
|
APCs carry antigens to |
lymphoid tissues where T cells that recognize the antigen are located. |
|
|
T cells are classified according to |
their functions and cell-surface glycoproteins called CDs. |
|
|
T helper (CD4+T) cells differentiate into TH1 cells, which are involved in________; TH2 cells, which are involved in __________; and TH17 cells, which_________. |
TH1 = cellular immunity TH2 = humoral immunity and are associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections TH17 = activate innate immunity |
|
|
T regulatory cells (Treg) suppress |
T cells against self. |
|
|
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), or CD8+ cells, are activated by |
endogenous antigens and MHC class I on a target cell and are transformed into effector and memory CTLs. |
|
|
______ lyse or induce apoptosis in the target cell. |
CTLs |
|
|
_______ cells lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and parasites. They kill cells that do not express MHC class I antigens. |
Natural killer (NK) |
|
|
In antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC),____________lyse antibody-coated cells. |
NK cells and macrophages |
|
|
The relative amount of antibody in serum is called the |
antibody titer. |
|
|
The peak IgG titer in the primary response occurs ______ days after exposure to an antigen. |
10–17 |
|
|
The peak titer in the secondary response occurs _______ days after exposure. |
2–7 |
|
|
Immunity resulting from infection is called |
naturally acquired active immunity; this type of immunity may be long-lasting. |
|
|
Antibodies transferred from a mother to a fetus (transplacental transfer) or to a newborn in colostrum results in |
naturally acquired passive immunity in the newborn; this type of immunity can last up to a few months. |
|
|
Immunity resulting from vaccination is called |
artificially acquired active immunity and can be long-lasting. |
|
|
Artificially acquired passive immunity refers to |
humoral antibodies acquired by injection; this type of immunity can last for a few weeks. |
|
|
Serum containing antibodies is often called |
antiserum. |
|
|
When serum is separated by gel electrophoresis, antibodies are found in the |
gamma fraction of the serum and are termed immune serum globulin, or gamma globulin. |
|
|
1. The type of protection provided by the injection of diphtheria toxoid. a. innate resistance b. naturally acquired active immunity c. naturally acquired passive immunity d. artificially acquired active immunity e. artificially acquired passive immunity |
d. artificially acquired active immunity |
|
|
2. The type of protection provided by the injection of antirabies serum. a. innate resistance b. naturally acquired active immunity c. naturally acquired passive immunity d. artificially acquired active immunity e. artificially acquired passive immunity |
e. artificially acquired passive immunity |
|
|
3. The type of protection resulting from recovery from an infection. a. innate resistance b. naturally acquired active immunity c. naturally acquired passive immunity d. artificially acquired active immunity e. artificially acquired passive immunity |
b. naturally acquired active immunity |
|
|
4. A newborn’s immunity to yellow fever. a. innate resistance b. naturally acquired active immunity c. naturally acquired passive immunity d. artificially acquired active immunity e. artificially acquired passive immunity |
c. naturally acquired passive immunity |
|
|
5. Antibodies that protect the fetus and newborn. a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM |
d. IgG |
|
|
6. The first antibodies synthesized; especially effective against microorganisms. a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM |
e. IgM |
|
|
7. Antibodies that are bound to mast cells and involved in allergic reactions. a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM |
c. IgE |
|
|
Put the following in the correct sequence to elicit an antibody response: (1) TH cell recognizes B cell; (2) APC contacts antigen; (3) antigen fragment goes to surface of APC; (4) TH recognizes antigen digest and MHC; (5) B cell proliferates. a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 c. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 d. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 e. 4, 5, 3, 1, 2 |
d. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 |
|
|
A kidney-transplant patient experienced a cytotoxic rejection of his new kidney. Place the following in order for that rejection: (1) apoptosis occurs; (2) CD8+ T cell becomes CTL; (3) granzymes released; (4) MHC class I activates CD8+ T cell; (5) perforin released. a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 c. 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 d. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 e. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 |
c. 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 |
|
|
patients with chediak-higashi syndrome suffer from various types of cancer. thees patients re most likely lacking which of the following? a. Treg cells b. TH1 cells c. B cells d. NK cells e. TH2 cells |
d. NK cells |
