Microbiology Chapter 14

Front 1

Pathogen

Back 1

A parasite capable of causing disease in a host.

Front 2

Symbiosis

Back 2

is an association between two or more species. Meaning "Living together".

Front 3

Host

Back 3

any organism that harbors another orgranism.

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Mutualism

Back 4

(Symbiosis) Both associated members living together benefit from the relationship.

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Parasitism

Back 5

(Symbiosis) One organism, the parasite benefits and the other, host is harmed by it.

Front 6

Parasite

Back 6

Broad defintion: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths are parasites.

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Commensalism

Back 7

(Symbiotic Association) Two species live together one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

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Contamination

Back 8

Means microogranism are present.

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Infection

Back 9

Refers to the multiplication of any parasitic organism within a host.

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Infestation

Back 10

Refers to the presences of larger parasites such as worms or arthropods in or on the body.

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Disease

Back 11

Is a disturbance in the state of health wherein the body can not function.

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Pathogenicity

Back 12

Is the capacity to produce disease. An organisms's ablity to invade a host, multiply in the host, and avoid being damage by host defenses.

Front 13

Virulence

Back 13

The intensity of the disease produced by the pathogens.

Front 14

Animal Passage

Back 14

Can increase virulence of a pathogen. With the passing with each host the pathogen mutates and grows stronger.

Front 15

Attenuation

Back 15

The weaking of a virulence of a pathogen.

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Transposal of virulence

Back 16

Laboratory technique, where a pathogen is passed from a normal host and through many other hosts until its no longer virulent for the original host. (Rabies vaccine)

Front 17

Normal microflora

Back 17

(Normal microflora) rganisms that live on or in the body but do not cause disease.

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Resident Microflora

Back 18

Microbes that are always present on or in the body.

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Transient Microflora

Back 19

Microorganisms that can be present under certain conditions in any of the locations where resident microflora are found.

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Opportunists

Back 20

Organisms that take advantage of particular opportunists to cause disease.

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3 Conidtions that Opportuniststake advantage of.

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1. Failure of host's normal defenses.
2. Introduction of the organisms into unusual body.
3. Disturbances in the normal microflora.

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Immunocompromised

Back 22

Individuals with a weakened immunes defenses.

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Microbial Antagonism

Back 23

A property of microorganisms which enables one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism.

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Koch's four Postulates (1)

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The specific causative agent must be observed in every case of a disease.

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Koch's four Postulates (2)

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The agent must be isolated from a diseased host and must be grow in a pure culture.

Front 26

Koch's four Postulates (3)

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When the agent from the pure culture is inoculated into healthy, but suseptible, experimental hosts, the agent must cause the same disease.

Front 27

Koch's four Postulates (4)

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The agent must be reisolated from the inoclated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Front 28

Infectous Disease

Back 28

Are diseases caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths.

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Non infectious diseases

Back 29

are caused by any factors other than infectous organisms.

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Communicable Infectous Diseases

Back 30

When infectous disease can be spread from one host to another.

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Contagious Diseases

Back 31

Communicable Infectous Diseases, but spreads easily and rapidly.

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Noncommunicable Infectious diseases

Back 32

You cannot "catch" from another person.
1. Infections by normal microflora.
2. Poisoning, ie food or bacteria
3. Infection cause by environment.

Front 33

Virulence Factors

Back 33

Structual or physiological characteristics that help organisms cause infections.

Front 34

Adherence

Back 34

(attachement) To a host cell's surface.

Front 35

Adhesins

Back 35

Are proteins or glycoproteins found on attachement pili (fimbriae) and capsules. Most only allow for attaching to membrane receptors or certain cells or tissues.

Front 36

Colonization

Back 36

Refers to growth of microogranisms on epithlial surfaces, such as skin or mucous membranes or other host tissues.

Front 37

Invasiveness

Back 37

The degree of a pathogen's ability to invade and grow in a host tissues. Related to virulences factors.

Front 38

Hyaluronidase

Back 38

(A spreadign factor) An Enzyme produced by streptococcus, disgests glue like substance that holds cells together, allows streptococcus to pass between epithelial cells.

Front 39

Coagulase

Back 39

Bacterial enzyme that acceslerates the coagulase (clotting) of blood. Two edged sword: prevents organism spreading and access by immune system to clotted areas.

Front 40

Streptokinase

Back 40

Bacterial enzyme that dissolves blood clots.

Front 41

Toxin

Back 41

Any substance that is poisonous to other organisms

Front 42

Exotoxins

Back 42

soluble substances secreted into the host tissues.

Front 43

Endotoxins

Back 43

Parts of the cell wall that are released into host tissue.

Front 44

Hemolysin

Back 44

form of exotoxin protein produced by bacteria which causes lysis of red blood cells in vitro.

Front 45

Alpha-hemolysin

Back 45

Hemolyze blood cells, partially break down hemoglobin, and produce a greenish ring around colonies

Front 46

Beta-hemolysins

Back 46

Hemolyze blood cells but completely break down hemoglobin and leave a clearing around colonies.

Front 47

Intoxications

Back 47

Disease that results from ingestion of a toxin.

Front 48

Neurotoxins

Back 48

Exontoxins that act on tissues of the nervous system.

Front 49

Enterotoxins

Back 49

Protein toxin released by a micro-organism in the lower Intestine.

Front 50

Toxoid

Back 50

An altered toxin that has losted it ability to cause harm but retains antigenicity.

Front 51

Cytopathic effect

Back 51

(CPE) In tissue culture systems, once inside a cell, viruses cause observable changes collectively.

Front 52

Intoxications

Back 52

Disease that results from ingestion of a toxin.

Front 53

Neurotoxins

Back 53

Exontoxins that act on tissues of the nervous system.

Front 54

Enterotoxins

Back 54

Protein toxin released by a micro-organism in the lower Intestine.

Front 55

Toxoid

Back 55

An altered toxin that has losted it ability to cause harm but retains antigenicity.

Front 56

Cytopathic effect

Back 56

(CPE) In tissue culture systems, once inside a cell, viruses cause observable changes collectively.

Front 57

Productive Infection

Back 57

Occurs when a viruses enters a cell and produce infectious offspring.

Front 58

Abortive Infections

Back 58

Occurs when a viruses enters a cell but are unable to express all their genes to make infectious offspring.

Front 59

Latent Viral Infection

Back 59

Virus may retreat into the nervous system and remain inactive. Later in life facotrs such as stress, other infections, or fever can reactive the virus.

Front 60

Persistent Viral Infection

Back 60

Continued production of viruses over many months or years. EX: Hepatitis B

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Sign

Back 61

Charasteristic of disease that can be observed by examining the patient.

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Symptom

Back 62

A characteristic of a disease that can be observed of felt only by the patient.

Front 63

Syndrome

Back 63

Combination of signs and symptoms that occur together and are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal condition.

Front 64

Leukocytosis

Back 64

elevation of the white blood cell count above the normal range.

Front 65

Sequele

Back 65

After recovery some diseases leave condition resulting in a from a injury or other trauma.

Front 66

Acute disease

Back 66

Develops rapidly and runs its course quickly.

Front 67

Chronic Disease

Back 67

Develops slowly than acute disease, usually less severe, and presists for long indeterminate period.

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Subactue Disease

Back 68

is immediate between an acute and a chronic disease.

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Latent Disease

Back 69

Characterized by periods of inactivity either before signs and symptoms appear or between attacks.

Front 70

Local Infection

Back 70

Is confined to a specific area of the body.

Front 71

Focal Infection

Back 71

Is confined to a specific area, but pathogens from it, ottheir toxins, can spread to other areas.

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Systemic Infection

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(Generalized infection) affects most of the body, and the pathogens are widely distrubed in many tissues.

Front 73

Septicemia

Back 73

Once known as a blood poisoning, pahtogens are present in multiply in the blood.

Front 74

Bacteremia and Viremia

Back 74

Becteria and viruses, respectively are transported in the blood but do no multiply in transit.

Front 75

Sapremia

Back 75

a toxic state resulting from the presence in the blood of Toxic products of putrefactive bacteria and often accompanying gangrene of a part of the body.

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Primary Infection

Back 76

is an inital infection in a previously healthy person.

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Secondary Infection

Back 77

Follows a Primary Infection.

Front 78

Superinfection

Back 78

Is a secondary infection that results from destruction of microflora and often use of broad spectrum antibiotic.

Front 79

Mixed Infection

Back 79

Are cause by several species of organisms present at the same time.

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Inapparent

Back 80

(Subclinical infection)Is one that fails to produce the full range of signs and symptoms either because there are to few organisms or host defenses are effectively combating.

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Incubation Period

Back 81

Is the time between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms.

Front 82

Prodromal Phase

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Of disease is a short period during which nonspecific, often mild, symptoms such as malaise and headache sometimes appear.

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Prodrome

Back 83

(Greek for "forerunner) Is a symptom indicating the onset of disease.

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Invasive Phase

Back 84

IS the period during which the individual experiences the typical signs and symptoms of disease.

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Acme

Back 85

The phase of time in which the signs and symptoms reach their greatest intensty,

Front 86

Fulminating

Back 86

(Laitn "Lighting") During the Acme phase, pathogen invade and damage tissues.

Front 87

Pyrogens

Back 87

Produced by some pathogens, acts on the center in the hypothalamus sometimes refer to as the bodies thermostat.