Microbiology Chapter 14

Front 1

Pathology

Back 1

study of diseases

Front 2

Etiology

Back 2

cause of disease

Front 3

Pathogenesis

Back 3

development of disease
structural and functional changes caused by disease and final effect on body

Front 4

Disease

Back 4

departure from health

Front 5

Infection

Back 5

invasion/colonization of the body by pathogenic microbes

Front 6

Pathogen

Back 6

a parasitic microbe causing infection

Front 7

Virulence

Back 7

capacity of a microbe to invade and harm a host

Front 8

Virulence Factor

Back 8

a trait helping microbe infect and damage

Front 9

Primary Pathogen

Back 9

a microbe able to cause disease in healthy, normal IRS people

Front 10

Opportunistic Pathogen

Back 10

a microbe which infects when host defenses are compromised

Front 11

Normal Flora

Back 11

permanent microbes adapted to body conditions usually non-pathogenic

Front 12

Normal Flora Functions

Back 12

1. Microbial Antagonism
- normal flora keep nutrients low to block pathogen growth
[ex] Shigella controlled by E. coli in gut

2. Provide nutrients

3. Antigenic stimulation
-priming of IRS

Front 13

Normal Flora Numbers

Back 13

10^14 on your body

Front 14

Symbiotic Relationships

Back 14

1. Mutualism: both benefit

2. Commensulism: 1 benefits/1 unaffected

3. Parasitism: 1 benefits/1 harmed

Front 15

Robert Koch

Back 15

Recieved Nobel Prize
Determined causative agents of Anthrax, TB, Cholera

Front 16

Koch's Postulates

Back 16

1. Microbe must be in every case of the disease
2. It must be isolated from the patient in pure culture
3. this must casue disease when introduced to healthy animal
4. same microbe must be re-isolated from infected test animal

Front 17

Exceptions to Koch's Postulates

Back 17

1. one disease casue by 2+ microbes
2. human is the only host
3.pathogens can't grow outside host
4.one microbe causes 2+ diseases
5.disease requires cofactor
6.asymptomatic infections

Front 18

Incubation period

Back 18

interval between infection and symptom onset

Front 19

Prodromal Period

Back 19

brief period of mild symptoms

Front 20

Period of Illness

Back 20

acute disease, IRS activated, death possible

Front 21

Period of Decline

Back 21

symptoms decline, vulnerable to secondary disease

Front 22

Period of Convalescence

Back 22

return to pre-disease state, may be contagious

Front 23

Pathogenesis Requirements

Back 23

1. Entry
2. Attachment
3. Avoid/Overcome host defense
4. Damage
5. Exit

Front 24

Major Portals of Entry

Back 24

1. Skin
2. Respiratory Tract
3. Digestive Tract
4. Urogenital Tract

Front 25

Skin Defenses

Back 25

1. Normal Flora
2. Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 26

Skin - Mechanism to Overcome Defenses

Back 26

1. Parenteral route (cuts)
2. Infection of follicle or gland

Front 27

Respiratory Tract - Defenses

Back 27

1. Mucous coating
2. Ciliary escalator
3. Alveolar marcrophages

Front 28

Respiratory Tract - Mechanism to Overcome Defenses

Back 28

1. Adhesions
2. Toxins inhibiting cilia
3. Avoid phagocytosis
4. Promote easy transmission ( cough)

Front 29

Oropharynx- Defenses

Back 29

1. washing salive, scraping tongue
2. mucous
3. lysozyme
4. normal flora
5. IgA

Front 30

Oropharynx - Mechanism to Overcome Defenses

Back 30

1. attachment
2. IgA protease

Front 31

Stomach & Intestines - Defenses

Back 31

1. enzymes and bile lower pH
2. peristalsis (ripple of muscles)
3. mucous
4. normal flora

Front 32

Stomach & Intestines - Mechanism to Overcome Defenses

Back 32

1. Acid resistance
2. Enhanced attachment

Front 33

Urogenital - Defenses

Back 33

1. washing action
2. mucous
3. normal flora

Front 34

Urogenital - Mechanism to Overcome Defenses

Back 34

1. pili to improve attachment
2. flagellated microbes
3. medical impairment of defenses

Front 35

Factors Influencing Transmission

Back 35

1. Number of microbes
2. Stability outside host
3. Source of microbe
4. Portal of entry
5. Microbial genetics factors
6. Infective dose
7. Easily transmissible conditions

Front 36

3 Principle Routes of Transmission

Back 36

1. Contact
2. Vehicle
3. Vector

Front 37

Direct Contact Transmission

Back 37

Physical contact
-kissing, touching, sexual
-viral respiratory, hep A, measles, scarlet fever, mono, AIDS, malorie

Front 38

Indirect Contact Transmission

Back 38

From reservoir to host
-tissue, dish
-colds, hep B, AIDS, tetanus, parasites

Front 39

Droplet Contact Transmission

Back 39

droplet nuclei travelling <1 m
-coughing, laughing
- flu, pertussis, pneumonia

Front 40

Prevention of Contact Transmission

Back 40

PPE
correct disposal
safe sex
no drug use

Front 41

Vehicle Transmission

Back 41

Water/food
Air Bourne
-measles, TB, staph, strep
Body Fluids
blood, saliva, vaginal, semen, amniotic fluid, mucous
-AIDS, Hep B & C

Front 42

Vector Transmission

Back 42

1. Mechanical
-passive transfer to food
-typhoid fever
2. Biological
-active enter thru bite
-malaria, west nile, lyme

Front 43

Zoonoses

Back 43

other animals involved in direct transmission
-Rabies, salmonella

Front 44

Horizontal Vectors

Back 44

transmission of micobes from reservoir to host via contact, vehicle, vector

Front 45

Vertical Vectors

Back 45

maternal-fetal transmission
-during development: syphilis
-during birth: chlamydia

Front 46

Nosocomial Infection

Back 46

aquired at a hospital
-UTI

Front 47

Primary reasons for Nosocomial Infections

Back 47

1. sick patients
2. lots of pathogens
3. invasive procedures

Front 48

How to Prevent Nosocomial Infections

Back 48

1. asepsis
2. infection control officer
3. universal precautions

Front 49

Epidemiology

Back 49

study of the frequency and distribution of disease in humans

Front 50

Prevalence

Back 50

# of existing cases in %

Front 51

Incidence

Back 51

Measure of NEW cases over time

Front 52

Mortality rate

Back 52

total # deaths in population

Front 53

Endemic

Back 53

steady frequency
plague

Front 54

Sporadic

Back 54

few random cases
tetanus

Front 55

Epidemic

Back 55

notable increase in frequency

Front 56

Pandemic

Back 56

spread across continents
AIDS