Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Zacharias Janssen
|
Invents first compound microscope
|
|
Robert Hooke
|
first to observe cells
|
|
Anton van Leewenhoek
|
observes simple microrganisms
|
|
Francesco Redi (Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis)
|
Meat in the jar experiement (maggots)
|
|
Louis Jablot (Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis)
|
hot soup experiement
|
|
John Needham (Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis)
|
repeats Jablot's experiement but cooled the hot soup first before covering it (growth of microorganisms in broth)
|
|
Louis Pasteur
|
Father of Microbiology, pasturerization, ended spontaneous generation (abiogenisis vs biogenisis)
|
|
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
|
Physician contributing to the germ theory
|
|
Dr. Semmelweis
|
Disinfection of doctor's hands reduced childbed fever (germ theroy)
|
|
Joesph Lister
|
uses first disinfectant in surgery (phenol) reduced post- surgical infections
|
|
Robert Koch
|
Koch's postulates, indentified anthrax bacterium developed method for identifying pathogens
|
|
Koch's Postulates
|
1. microbe isolated from sick animal
2. pure culture of microbe grown in lab 3. pure culture introduced into healthy animals 4. re-isolation of same microbe from sick animals |
|
Edward Jenner
|
Developed the first vaccine (smallpox)
|
|
Louis Pasteur
|
developed first vaccine for rabies
|
|
Walter Reed
|
erradication program (get rid of mosiquitos yellow fever)
|
|
Paul Elrich
|
First synthetic drug (salvarsan- used to treat syphillis)
|
|
Alexander Flemming
|
Discovered the first antibiotic (penicillin)
|
|
Avery, McLeod , McCarthy
|
determined DNA is the hereditary material
|
|
Watson and Crick
|
Discovers structure of DNA
|
|
Sanger and Gilbert
|
method to sequence DNA
|
|
Stanley Prusiner
|
discovers the presence of prions (infectious proteins)
ei: mad cow disease |
|
What is Microbiology?
|
Study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, thier activities and thier effect on other living things
|
|
Major groups of microbes
|
Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, Viruses
|
|
History of microscope
|
Janssen brothers constructed the first compund microscope (modern magnifying glass)
Leeuwenhoek made and used powerful simple microscopes (father of microscopy) |
|
Classfiication
|
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
|
|
Nomenclature
|
a system or set of terms or symbols especially in a particular science, discipline, or art. (process of naming)
|
|
Taxonomy
|
system for naming, organizing and classifying living things
Major Activities 1. Identification of microbes 2. classification- grouping using taxa 3. nomenclature or naming |
|
Three Domain Systems of Classification
|
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
|
|
Four Kingdoms
|
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
|
|
Types of Microscopes
|
1. Brightfield
2. Darkfield 3. phase-contrast 4. fluorescent 5. electron |
|
Flagella (external to the cell wall)
|
motililty
|
|
Axial filament (external to the cell wall)
|
motility in spirochetes
|
|
Fimbria (external to the cell wall)
|
attachment
|
|
Pili (external to the cell wall)
|
conjugation
|
|
Structure of peptidoglycan: NAM AND NAG
|
N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glusosamne
Amino Acids 4 that crosslink |
|
Meter
|
basic unit of life
m=39.37 inches |
|
millimeter
|
used for large protozoa
mm=1/1000 m |
|
micrometer
|
used to measure bacteria
um= 1/1000000 m |
|
nanometer
|
used to measure viruses and cell organelles
nm= 1/1000,000,000 m |
|
four functions of capsule
|
1. Protects pathogens by inhibiting phagocytosis
2. attachment 3. increased virulence 4. prevents dehydration |
|
Cell Wall
|
Contains alternating sugars NAM and NAG
|
|
Gram Positive Bacteria
|
Staphylococci
Streptococci Bacillus Clostridum |
|
Gram Negative Bacteria
|
Enterobactericia
Escherichia Salmonella Shigella Proteus Pseudomonas Neisseria |
|
Mycoplasma
|
Smallest of all bacteria; lack cell wall; very difficult to grow
|
|
Mycobacterium
|
mycolic acids(fats or lipids) in cell wall
|
|
Cytoplasma
|
ground substance of cells; everything disolved in
|
|
Plasma Membrane
|
regulates movement of molecules in and out the cell; inner surface contains enezymes for ATP synthesis; structure bilayer and energy is produced here
|
|
Nucleoid
|
regulates structure and function of the cell; located in center of cytoplasma; chromosome; bacteria have a singular circular chromosome
|
|
Ribosomes
|
function protein synthesis
|
|
Tetracycline (prokaryotic ribsomes)
|
shut down protein synthesis in bacteria only
|
|
cell inclusion
|
used for storage and gets anything that the cell needs
|
|
Types of Cell Inclusion
|
Polysaccharide granules
1. starch 2. glycogen metachromatic granules(volutin) contains stored polyphosphate Poly-beta- hydroxybutyrate (PHB) a store lipid |
|
Endospores
|
extremley resistant to chemicals, heat, and drying; no metabolism; survive for more than 1000 years
|
|
Process of sporeformers
|
sporulation- development of an endospore within a typical (vegetative) cell
germination- formation of a vegetative cell from an endospore under favorable conditions |
|
Germination
|
requirements; water, nutrients, and suitable temp
1.freespore absorbs water 2. new cell wall and other structures synthesized 3. freespore swells and ruptures releasing new vegetative bacterium (purpose of spore formation survival during harsh conditions) Produce new bacteria |
|
Medically important endospore formers
|
Clostridium
C.botulinum- botulism(neurotoxin) C. tetani - tetanus(neurotoxin) Bacillus b. anthracis- anthrax |