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165 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Obligatory INTRACELLULAR parasites
Characteristics of a virus
NON-LIVING AGENTS associated with all forms of life.

Each VIRION consists of
nucleic acid SURROUNDED by a ___________.
Viruses

protein coat
Viruses are approximately ____ to ______ fold SMALLER THAN the CELLS they infect.
100 to 1,000
Viruses CONTAIN EITHER ______ or _______ but NEVER BOTH.
RNA OR DNA
The NUCLEIC ACID may be
________ or ________ in viruses.
single-stranded or double-stranded
Viruses must multiply WITHIN _____ ______and MULTIPLY only by ___________ host’s MACHINERY.
Living cells

highjacking
Viruses LACK the _________ and _________NECESSARY to GENERATE energy and SYNTHESIZE protein.
enzymes

organelles
Some viruses TAKE OVER the metabolism of the host cell and ______ ___;others______ in their hosts.
Kill it
Live
Viruses exist in two states.

1.______________the cell they are METABOLICALLY INERT.
Outside
Viruses exist in two states.

2. ________infected cells, they REPLICATE.
Inside
The PROTEIN COAT always SEPARATES FROM from the_______ ______before replication begins.
Nucleic acid
the SPECTRUM of HOST cells the virus can infect
Host Range
VIRUS that INFECTS BACTERIA
Bacteriophage
Most viruses can INFECT ONLY a ______ ________and only ______ _______WITHIN an organism.
single species
certain cells
Some viruses, those causing ________ can MULTIPLY in WIDELY DIVERGENT SPECIES such as birds, mosquitoes and humans.

more than 1
zoonoses
SMALL in size
ACELLULAR
METABOLICALLY INERT (Do nothing)
Viruses
qty 1; a DISEASE of wild or domestic ANIMALS that can INFECT HUMANS

Ex: west nile, rabies, lyme disease
zoonosis
1 of 2 FACTORS that determines the HOST PHAGE range of phage:
Requirement that phage attachment proteins must bind to specific receptors on the
bacteria
2nd FACTOR that determines the HOST RANGE of phage
Availability in host of cellular factors for viral replication
Virus SIZES
Range from 20 to 1,000nm in length
DNA or RNA is also known as what?
Genome
PROTEIN COAT is known as the what?
Capsid
PROTEIN SUBUNITS that MAKE UP CAPSID
Capsomere
NUCLEIC acid + CAPSID = ?
Nucleocapsid
NUCLEOcapsid + lipid MEMBRANE = ?
Enveloped
This is taken from host cell & resembles the host
Viral envelope
These EXTRUDE from capsid or envelope and BINDS this TO the HOST CELL
Spikes

virus
RNA viruses with multiple RNAs
Example: Influenzavirus
Segmented
How is the SHAPE determined in Viral STRUCTURE?
Shape determined by the protein coat (or capsid) which surrounds the nucleic acid.
Each CAPSID IS COMPOSED of _________; attachment proteins PROJECT from the ________
capsomeres

capsid
Animal viruses with lipid BILAYER surrounding the coat are ______________.

Viruses WITHOUT this
ENVELOPE are ________
Enveloped

Naked.
Viruses have 3 different shapes. What are they?

Hint: PHC
polyhedral (icosahedron)
helical
complex
Animal VIRUS
Adenovirus
PLANT virus
TMV
BACTERIA is also known as_________.
T4
the official name of BACTERIA VIRUS
Bacteriophage
Shapes of Virions

Hint: CORB
long cigar looking
oval shaped
small round circles
bullet shaped
Resemble LONG RODS that may be RIGID OR FLEXIBLE
Helical virus
Viral nucleic acid is found within HOLLOW, CYLINDRICAL capsid that has a HELICAL Structure
Helical virus
Viruses are GROUPED into FAMILIES based on what 3 basis?
Nucleic acid type - DNA or RNA

Strategy for replication - Dumb or smart virus

Morphology - shape of capsid
GROUP OF VIRUSES sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche
Viral species
These species used are NOT SPECIFIC epithets or STRAINS
Subspecies
How are bacteriophages GROWN in the LABoratory?
adding virus and bacteria to liquid agar and or a petri dish
CLEAR AREA against a lawn of bacterial growth
Plaque
p.f.u
plaque forming unit
EACH PLAQUE corresponds to a ________ ________.
single virus
Eukaryotic CELLS grown in CULTURE media is also called ?
tissue culture
A VISIBLE EFFECT on a host cell, caused by a virus, that may result in host cell damage or DEATH
Cytopathic effect
How do some phage multiply?
They multiply inside the bacteria and lyse (burst) the cells
When bacteriophage multiplies it is a PRODUCTIVE INFECTION and phages are _______ and ________.
virulent and lytic.

Lytic Cycle
Some phage INCORPORATE their DNA into the host cell which MULTIPLIES either as a PLASMID or more commonly INTEGRATED into the CHRMOSOME of the host.
Lysogenic Cycle
These phage are TEMPERATE and the cell containing the phage DNA is ______________.
lysogenized.
This infection is termed LATENT.
Lysogenic Cycle
As the cell MULTIPLIES, the prophage may CONFER NEW properties on the cell, we call that __________ __________.
lysogenic conversion
The Lytic Phage Replication consist of 5 steps. Name them

Hint: APBMR
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Biosynthesis
4. Maturation
5. Release
During the Lytic Phage Reproduction, Attachment happens in what 2 ways?
Chance collision

must attach to the host cell
During LyticPR, PENETRATION happens in what 2 way?
injects its nuceic acid

lysomes- breaks down cell wall (capsid stays outside)
During LyticPR, how does BIOSYNTHESIS ocur?
host cell synthesis is STOP

makes viral proteins and nucleic acids
During LyticPR, how does MATURATION occur?
Thru the assembly of a complete virus
During LyticPR, how does RELEASE happen?
Thru lysis:

burst size = 50 to 200 viruses released from a single cell

burst time = 20 to 40 minutes
integrated viral genetic material
prophage
cell death ---LYSIS

PRODUCTIVE infection

phage= LYTIC or VIRULENT phage
Lytic cycle
NO CELL DEATH ------PLASMID OR INTEGRATION

LATENT infection

phage = TEMPERATE phage
Lysogenic Cycle
PHAGE replication in a LATENT state
phage lambda
Phage can either go through a ______ _______ similar to T-even or _______ its _____ into a specific site in the bacterial chromosome (temperate phage).
lytic cycle

integrate its DNA
Integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome = prophage occurs by means of site specific recombination
Don't understand this one.
A _______ PREVENTS expression of genes coding for an enzyme that excises the prophage from the chromosome.
repressor
ProPHAGE often code for proteins which CONFER unique properties on the bacteria,
phage conversion
Integration can do 2 things to cells. Name them.
benefit or harm cells
What are the ATTACHMENT SITES for ENTRY of enveloped animal virus?
Attachment sites are plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins
ENTRANCE of the virus is THRU or by DIRECT PENETRATION known as _________ or _________.
Endocytosis or fusion
SEPARATION OF NUCLEIC ACID FROM PROTEIN COAT
Uncoating
How does the RELEASE by BUDDING occur?
envelope develops around the capsid
These are RELEASED through RUPTURES, thus RESULTING in host CELL DEATH.
Nonenveloped viruses
Where is the ATTACHMENT of bacteriophage?
proteins on tails attach to proteins on cell walls
What is the PENETRATION of the bacteriophage?
genome is injected into cell or diffuses into cell
Is there uncoating in bateriophage?
NO
What is the SITE OF SYNTHESIS in bateriophage?
Cytoplasm
What is the SITE OF ASSEMBLY in bacteriophage?
Cytoplasm
What is the MECHANISM OF RELEASE in bacteriophage?
Lysis
What is the NATURE OF CHRONIC INFECTION in bacteriophage?
Lysogeny, always incorporated into host chromosome, may leave host chromosome
What is the ATTACHMENT of an animal virus?
spikes, capsids, or envelope proteins attach to proteins or glycoproteins on cell membrane
What is the PENETRATION of an animal virus?
capsid enters cell thru direct penetration, fusion or phagocytosis
What is the UNCOATING of an animal virus?
removal of capsid by cell enzymes.
What is the SITE OF SYNTHESIS in an animal virus?
RNA in cytoplasm; most DNA viruses in the nucleus
What is the SITE OF ASSEMBLY of an animal virus?
RNA in cytoplasm; most DNA viruses in the nucleus
What is the MECHANISM RELEASE for an animal virus?
naked virions: exocytosis & lysis

enveloped virions: budding
What is the NATURE OF CHRONIC INFECTION in an animal virus?
Latency, with or without incorporation into host DNA, incorporation is permanent
What virus causes this disease: Common cold, conjunctivitis?
Adenoviridae
Route of Transmission for this virus is: RESPIRATORY droplets and SKIN contact
Adenoviridae
Symptomsfor this virus includes: infects EPITHELIUM of RESPIRATORY tract, eyes and INTESTINE; cough, NASAL CONGESTION, pneumonia, INTESTINAL illnesses and eye infections
Adenoviridae
Is Adenoviridae an enveloped or NON-ENVELOPED virus?
Non-enveloped
the suffix VIRIDAE refers to the virus ________?
Family
What VIRUS is known for causing this Disease: smallPOX
Poxviridae
Route of Transmission for this VIRUS is thru: DIRECT CONTACT, FOMITES, or rRESPIRATORY route of infection
Poxviridae
Symptoms for this VIRUS include: abrupt FEVER, CHILLS, RASH progressing from pink SPOTS to pink pimples to pustules to vesicles, rash appears simultaneous over body surface, pock-marked skin
Poxviridae
Is there a VACCINE for smallpox?
YES, however, it has waning immunity after 10 years
NON-LIVING OBJECT that can spread infection (inanimate objects)
fomite
Also known as HERPES Simplex VIRUS I (HSV1)
Herpesviridae
What VIRUS is common for causing this Disease: COLD SORES (fever blisters but not canker sores)
Herpesviridae
Route of Transmission: This virus is Transmitted by SALIVA, vesical fluid, SEXUAL contact and by BIRTH CANAL
Herpesviridae
The Symptoms for this virus includes: AXONAL travel TO LATENCY SITES in sensory ganglia
Herpesviridae
Where is the COMMON SITE for HSV1?
margin of the lips

painful but short lived
What may TRIGGER HSV1?
sunburn, stress, hormonal change
What is meant by LATENT infection in HSV1? WHERE does it lay latent?
lies latent in the trigeminial nerve until something triggers it.
Also known as HERPES Simplex VIRUS II
Herpesviridae ll
Virus that cause this Disease: GENITAL HERPES
Herpesviridae ll
Route of Transmission: This virus is transmitted by VESICAL fluid, SEXUAL contact and by BIRTH CANAL
Herpesviridae ll
Symptoms of this virus include: primary infection slight BURNING SENSATION, URINATION is PAINFUL, vesicles contain virus-laden fluid, URETHRAL DISCHARGE
Herpesviridae ll
HSV2 is a LATENT infection and lies latent WHERE?
sacral nerve at the base of spine
Herpes LESIONS can occur on WHAT PART of the body?
In the genital area

eyes

fingers

mouth
How does REYE's SYNDROME occur?
When babies are given aspirin.
How does aspirin AFFECT babies?
It is harmful to liver and brain.
These CUTANEOUS (skin) SENSORY NERVES are unilateral & distributed to 1 side of the body.
Shingles
This is TRIGGERED by STRESS and LOW IMMUNE SYSTEM.
Shingles
This VIRUS causes this Disease: CHICKEN POX and shingles
Varicella Zoster Virus
This virus' Route of Transmission is thru: RESPIRATORY aerosol, FOMITES, and DIRECT CONTACT
Varicella Zoster Virus
This virus' Symptoms include:
localized INFECTION in the SKIN with FEVER, MALAISE, teardrop-shaped fluid filled vesicles; vesicles ITCH intensely


isolated pain, LOCALIZED NUMBNESS, tingling or BURNING or SHOOTING PAIN
Varicella Zoster Virus

Chicken pox

Shingles
cause of WARTS, POLYOMAS or TUMORS, and vacuolization
Papillomaviruses
What VIRUS causes this Disease: PAPillOmas (skin and genital warts)
Papovaviridae HPV
What virus' Route of Transmission is thru: DIRECT CONTACT, sometimes SEXUALLY
Papovaviridae HPV
Symptoms for this virus include: high association with CERVICAL CANCER and CANCERS OF THE PENIS, VULVA and RECTUM
Papovaviridae HPV
Is HPV a very common STD?
YES
FINGER-LIKE PROJECTIONS or CAULIFLOWER-LIKE are common APPEARANCES of what?
genital warts
What PREVENTIVE MEASURE can be used with HPV?
surgery or cryotheraphy
Also known as Disease: HEPAtitis B
Hepadnaviridae
Also known as HEPAdnaviridae
Disease: Hepatitis B
Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: transfusion and SECRETION of any BODY FLUIDS, IV DRUG USE, between mother and fetus, TATOOING, EARPIERCING, acupuncture
Hepadnaviridae
Symptomsof this disease include: most cases are asymptomatic, LOSS OF APPETITE, FEVER, joint pains, JAUNDICE, swollen tender liver, CLAY COLORED STOOLS and darkening of urine
Hepadnaviridae
Also known as poliomyelitis POLIO
Picornaviridae
Also known as PICORNAviridae
Disease: poliomyelitis (Polio)
Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: FECAL/ORAL ROUTE
Picornaviridae
Symptoms for this disease include: most cases are flu-like, GASTROINTESTINAL distress, only 1% are PARALYTIC
Picornaviridae
OPV
Oral polio vaccine
IPV
inactivated polio vaccine
---- iron lung
--- ingestion of water contaminated w FECES containing virus
----primary site of infection is THROAT & SMALL INTESTINE
----TONSILS & LYMPHNODES
----BLOOD (VIREMES)
---CNS
PICORNAVIRIDAE
MMR
measles mumps and rubella
MATERNAL INFECTION during 1st trimester resulting in FETAL DAMAGE, retardation, eye problems, hearing loss, heart defects & NEUROLOGICAL
Togaviridae
Also known as Rubella or GERMAN measles
Togaviridae
Also known as TOGAviridae
Disease: Rubella or German measles
Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: RESPIRATORY route
Togaviridae
Symptoms for this disease include: PALE PINK RASH, light fever, short duration, serious in congenital cases
Togaviridae
Also known as rabies
Rhabdoviridae
Rhabdoviridae is also known as ?
Rabies
--hydrophobic = fear of water
---encephalitis = inflammation of brain
Rhabdoviridae
Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: LICK OR BITE
Rhabdoviridae
Symptoms for this disease include : abnormal sensations at BITE LOCATION, AGITATED BEHAVIOR, hallucination, muscle spasms, STUPOR
Rhabdoviridae
Carry 2 strands of + stranded RNA and REVERSE TRANSCRITPTASE
Retroviridae
Is the retroviridae an ENVELOPED or non- envelooped virus?
Enveloped
DNA incorporates into host cell = PROVIRUS
Retroviridae
VIRUS may CONVERT host cell into CANCER or TUMOR cell
Retroviridae
Also known as : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Route of Transmission for this disease is: SEXUALLY, IV DRUG USE, tissue transplant, BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Symptoms of this disease include: persistent FATIGUE, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, WEIGHT LOSS, NIGHT SWEATS, CANDIDIASIS, T CELL count drops to 200/mm3
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
A CONDITION in which a PATHOGEN remains in the HOST for LONG PERIODS WITHOUT PRODUCING DISEASE
Latent Viral Infections
Several types of CANCER are now known to be CAUSED BY _____.
VIRUSES
a GENE that can bring about MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION
Oncogenes
Oncogenes can be ACTIVATED by what?

Hint: MC, HER & OV
mutagenic chemicals, high-energy radiation, and viruses (oncogenic viruses)
Name at least 3 latent viral infections.

Hint: HSV & CP
HSV1

HSV2

chicken pox and Shingles
What is one type of Oncogenic Virus?
HPV
Examples of DNA Oncogenic Virus
Epstein-Barr virus

Hepatitis B
liver cancer
Hepititis B
Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(cancer of nose and throat)
Epstein-Barr virus
Example of RNA Oncogenic virus
Adult T-cell Leukemia