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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List 3 Gram + Cocci.
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1. Staph. aureus
2. Strep. pyogenes 3. Strep. pneumoniae |
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List 3 drugs of choice for Staph. aureus organisms
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penicillins/Vancomycin/Cephalosporin
(Toxic shock is a Staph. aureus infection) |
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List three diseases caused by Strep. pyogenes.
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Strep throat/erysipelas/rheumatic fever
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List 2 drugs used for Strep. pneumoniae.
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cephalosporin/erythromicin.
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List three Gram + rods.
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1. Bacillus
2. Clostridium 3. Corynebacterium |
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List 2 drugs used to treat Diphtheria.(Corynebacterium)
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Erythromycin/penicillin
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List three drugs used to treat Gas gangrene and tetanus.
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penicillin/cephalosporin/clindamycin
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List two acid fast rods.
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Mycobacterium tbc
Mycobacterium leprae Nocardia |
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List 5 antibiotics used to treat tbc.
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Isoniazid/rifampin/pyrazinamide/ ethambutol/streptomycin
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List three drugs to treat Leprosy.
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Dapsone
Rifampin Clofazimine |
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List three drugs used to treat Nocardiosis.
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Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
Cephalosporin |
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List 2 Gram neg Cocci.
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Neisseria gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitidis |
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List three drugs to treat Gonorrhea
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1. Ceftriaxone
2. spectinomycin 3. quinolones |
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List three drugs used to treat meningitis due to Gram neg cocci
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Pen-G/ceftriaxone/ampicillin
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List 10 Gram neg rods
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1. Bordetella
2. Brucella 3. E. coli 4. Haemophilus influenzae 5. Legionella 6. Pseudomonas 7. Salmonella 8. Shigella 9. Vibrio cholerae 10.Yersinia pestis |
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What type of infections are seen due to Pseudomonas?
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Opportunistic lung and burn infections
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List 2 drugs used for Yersinia pestis.
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Streptomycin/ gentamicin
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List three drugs used to treat cholera
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1. Tetracyclines
2. Sulfamethoxazole- 3. trimethoprim |
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List 2 drugs used to treat typhoid fever, and salmonelosis.
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Cephalosporin
quinolones |
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List 2 drugs used for legionnaires disease?
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1. Erythromycin
2. Rifampin |
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List 2 species of spirochetes.
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1. Borrelia
2. Treponema pallidum |
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List 2 drugs used to treat syphilis.
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1. penicillin
2. tetracyclines |
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List a disease that is caused by the following organisms;
Mycoplasma Rickettsia Chlamydia |
Rickettsia- Rocky mountain spotted fever
Mycoplasma- pneumonia/urinary infections Chlamydia- urethritis vaginitis |
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List three drugs used to treat mycoplasma infections.
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1. erythromycin
2. azithromycin 3. clarithromycin |
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List 8 species of fungi that cause systemic mycoses.
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1. aspergillosis
2. blastomyces 3. candida albicans 4. coccidioides immitis 5. Cryptococcus neoformans 6. Pneumocystis(carinii) jiroveci 7. Sporothrix schenkii |
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List 6 species of protozoa
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1. Entamoeba histolytica
2. Giardia lamblia 3. Plasmodium 4. Toxoplasma gondii 5. Trichomonas vaginalis 6. Trypanosoma brucei(sleeping sickness) |
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List 2 drugs used to treat sleeping sickness.
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1. Suramin
2. pentamidine |
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What is used to treat toxoplasmosis?
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pyrimethamine
sulfadiazine |
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Explain prophylaxis
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Drugs are administered to prevent infection in susceptible people
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What is combined therapy?
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Two or more drugs are given simultaneously in order to prevent emergence of resistant species or achieve synergism.
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Explain the meaning of selective toxicity.
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It refers to the ability of an antibiotic to affect or destroy some cells but not others (prokaryotic vs eukaryotic) and while destroying microbes, leaves human host cells undamaged.
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What are the ideal components of an antimicrobial?
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Selectively toxic
Highly potent Stable Soluble in body tissues and fluids |
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Which antibiotics act on the cell envelope?
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Penicillins
Cephalosporins Bacitracin & Polymixin Vancomycin Isoniazid (INH)I |
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How do Cephalosporins act on cells?
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They inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis but have a much broader spectrum than penicillin.
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What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?
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Vancomycin interferes with the early stages of cell wall synthesis and is used for life-threatening, methicillin resistant staphylococcal infection.
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In what situation is Vancomycin used?
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In cases where the infection is methicillin-resistant and the diagnosis is life-threatening.
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What is Isoniazid used to treat?
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INH is used in the treatment of TB (tuberculosis)
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Polymyxin is used for ____________ infections and can be added to __________.
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Pseudomonas; skin oinments
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T/F Bacitracin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, similar to polymyxin.
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False. Both are narrow-spectrum antibiotics. While Bacitracin prevents cell wall synthesis in gram + organisms, polymyxin interferes with the cell membrane.
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What are the major problems encountered in penicillin therapy?
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Allergic reactions and bacterial resistance to the drug through beta-lactamase.
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What is the basis of penicillins?
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Beta-lactamase
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What mold were penicillins originally isolated from?
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Penicillium chrysogenum
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Name the natural form of penicillin.
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Penicillin G
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Name 2 synthetic forms of penicillin.
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Ampicillin and Methicillin
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What 2 groups of antibiotics affect nucleic acid synthesis?
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Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
Rifampin |
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Name two infections Rifampin can be used to treat.
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Tuberculosis
Leprosy |
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Which group do streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin belong to?
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Aminoglycosides
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Name two broad-spectrum drugs or drug groups isolated from Streptomyces.
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Tetracylines
chloramphenicol |
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What type of infection is clindamycin primarily used for?
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Intestinal infections by anaerobic microbes.
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Rifampin is used to treat leprosy, often used in combination with what other drug?
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Dapsone
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What synthetic class of drugs work by inhibiting the start of protein synthesis and are useful for staphylococci resistant to other drugs?
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Oxazolidinones
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What drug is often used in combination with sulfa drugs? What is this combination most commonly known as?
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Trimethoprim; known as sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim antibiotics
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Name two newly developed antibiotics used in resistant bacteria strains.
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Fosfomycin and synercid
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What are the goals of antimicrobial drugs?
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Either to disrupt the cell processes or structures of bacteria, fungi, and Protozoa OR to inhibit the virus multiplication cycle.
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Most chemotherapy drugs use what mechanism of action while a few destroy structures already formed?
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Most interfere with function of enzymes required to synthesize or assemble macromolecules.
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What idea is central to chemotherapy?
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Selective toxicity
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Which drugs act specifically to block the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria?
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Penicillins
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Why do penicillins work well?
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Because they have few direct effects on human cells because human cells do not have cell walls.
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What is amphotericin B used to treat?
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Fungal infections
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What are the five target actions of drugs on pathogens?
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1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Breakdown of the cell membrane structure or function 3. Inhibition of structures/functions of DNA and RNA 4. Inhibition of protein synthesis 5. Blocks on key metabolic pathways |
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Name the four drugs that act on the 50s subunit of ribosomes
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Chloramphenicol
Erythomycin Clindamycin Synercid |
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Which drugs act on the 30s subunit of ribosomes?
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Aminoglycosides
-gentamycin -streptomycin Tetracyclines |
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Which drug acts on both the 30s and 50s subunits?
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Linezolid (Zyvox)
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Name two drugs that block pathways and inhibit metabolism?
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Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
Trimethoprim |
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Name a drug that inhibits the gyrase of nucleic acid (an unwinding enzyme)
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Quinolones (ciprofloxacin)
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Which drug acts by inhibiting RNA polymerase?
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Rifampin, used in treatment of TB and leprosy
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Which group of drugs affects the cell membrane by causing loss of selective permeability?
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Polymyxins
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Name 8 drugs that are cell wall inhibitors
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Bacitracin
Cephalosporins Cycloserine Fosfomycin Isoniazid Monobactams/carbapenems Penicillins Vancomycin |
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Describe sulfonamides
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Sulfonamides are synthetic antimetabolic drugs. They competitively inhibit enzymes needed for nucleic acid synthesis.
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What are Oxazolidinones?
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Synthetic drugs that work by inhibiting the start of protein synthesis. They are useful for treatment of staphylococci that are resistant to other drugs (MRSA and VRE)
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What is often used In combination with and why?
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Amphotericin because of fungal resistance.
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What are Oxazolidinones?
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Synthetic drugs that work by inhibiting the start of protein synthesis. They are useful for treatment of staphylococci that are resistant to other drugs (MRSA and VRE)
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What is often used In combination with and why?
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Amphotericin because of fungal resistance.
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What drugs are used to treat protozoan infections, especially Plasmodium?
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Quinine and it's compounds
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Name some -azoles and explain how they work.
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Ketonazole, fluconazole, and miconazole all work by interfering with cell membrane synthesis.
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What is often used In combination with and why?
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Amphotericin because of fungal resistance.
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What drugs are used to treat protozoan infections, especially Plasmodium?
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Quinine and it's compounds
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What drugs are used to treat protozoan infections, especially Plasmodium?
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Quinine and it's compounds
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What groups of drugs are used to treat HIV?
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NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase analogs)
NNRTIs (non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) |
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How do NNRTIs act on the virus?
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They bind to the enzyme found in HIV and prevent its active site from synthesizing DNA
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Give examples of NNRTIs
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Epivir
Abacavir Didanosine Stavudine |
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What groups of drugs are used to treat HIV?
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NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase analogs)
NNRTIs (non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) |
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How do NNRTIs act on the virus?
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They bind to the enzyme found in HIV and prevent its active site from synthesizing DNA
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Give examples of NNRTIs
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Epivir
Abacavir Didanosine Stavudine |
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Which drugs are most toxic to human cells in regard to their mechanism of action?
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Drugs that act on components that are act on structures that are common to both the host cell and bacteria, such as amphotericin B, which acts on the cell membrane.
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What is the difference between semisynthetic and synthetic drugs?
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Semisynthetic drugs are modified after being isolated from natural sources; synthetic drugs are chemically derived in a laboratory.
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Which drugs insert on the 30s subunit of ribosomes? The 50s subunit? Both?
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Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines Oxazolidinones |
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What are the three interactive factors of antimicrobial therapy?
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1. Microbe sensitivity
2. Drug toxicity 3. Health of the patient |
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Name the mechanism of action for the following drugs:
1. Vancomycin 2. Fosfomycin 3. Erythromycin 4. Sulfadiazine 5. Rifampin 6. Polymyxins |
1. Inhibits cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibits enzymes need for cell wall synthesis 3. Acts on 50s subunit of ribosome 4. Acts on metabolic pathways 5. Acts to inhibit RNA synthesis 6. Act to weaken cell membrane |
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Name 4 types of drugs used in the treatment of HIV
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NRTIs
NNRTIs protease inhibitors Inhibition of CD4 receptors Blocking fusion Integrase inhibitors |
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Name antimicrobials that come from each of the following bases:
1. Penicillium 2. Micromonospora 3. Streptomyces 4. Bacillus 5. Chromobacterium |
1. Penicillin, griseofulvin
2. Gentamycin 3. Erythromycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, amphotericin B, tetra cyclones 4. Bacitracin, polymyxin 4. Aztreonam |
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Explain minimum inhibitory concentration.
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MIC is the minimum dosage required to kill all bacteria causing a disorder. This is determined through titers and experimentation using test tubes and cultures.
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What is the main function of beta lactam?
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To break down the cell wall
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Explain the chemical makeup of penicillins
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All penicillin subgroups contain beta-lactam, thiazolidine, and an R group. The only variable is the R group.
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Penicillin G is ___________ while Penicillin V is administered __________.
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Injected; orally
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What infection types are the following meds used to treat?
Penicillin Semisynthetic penicillins Penicillin-resistant infections |
Penicillin: gram positive (streptococcus)
Semisynthetic pen: gram- negative Pen-resistant: methicillin, cloxacillin |
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What isbthe chemically structure difference between penicillins and cephalosporins?
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Cephalosporins have two variable R groups, penicillins only have one.
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Explain the four groups of cephalosporins
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Gen1: useful for gram-positive, a few gram-negative
Gen2: improved for more gram -negative infections Gen3: broad spectrum against enteric bacteria with beta-lactamase Gen4: useful on both gram negative and positive. |
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What are carbapenems used for?
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Infections with anaerobic and aerobic pathogens
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Name a monobactam and its use
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Aztreonam. Used for gram-negative aerobic bacilli.
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Name 3 things tetracyclines are used to treat
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STDs
Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever Lyme disease Acne Protozoa infections |
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What is the distinguishing structure of chloramphenicol? What is it's main concerning side affect?
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Unique nitrobenzene structure.
Can cause aplastic anemia (bone marrow) |
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Name the 5 antifungals
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1. Macrolides
2. Griseofulvan 3. Synthetic Azoles 4. Flu cytosine 5. Echinocandins (TDBP) |
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Give examples of Macrolide polyenes (anti fungal)
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Amophotericin B
Nystatin |
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What's the concerning side affect of Griseofulvin?
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Kidney problems
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What is flucytosine used for?
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Systemic mycoses, often in combo with Amphotericin B
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What is the mechanism of action of Echinocandins
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Damage to cell walls
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Name the 3 types of anti parasitic drugs and give examples of each
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ANTIMALARIAL: quinine, chloroquinine
ANTIPROTOZOAN: sulfonamides, tetracyclines, metronidazole ANTIHELMINTHIC: niclosamide, piperazine, thiabendazole |
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Which drugs use to treat HIV prevent maturation of viral particles?
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Protease inhibitors
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Which HIV drugs prevent the virus envelope from attaching to the host cell?
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Fuzeon (prevents fusion)
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What are NRTIs? NNRTIs?
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NRTIs are nucleoside reverse tanscriptase Analogs that stop DNA from being derived from RNA
NNRTIs are non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that act directly on the RT enzyme to stop it from replicating. |
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Which influenza drugs act on influenza A? B?
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Amantadine and rimantadine act only on influenza A while Relenza and Tamiflu act on both A and B.
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What is the mechanism of action of antiherpes drugs? Give examples.
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Nucleotide analogs--they mimic the structure of the nucleotides and compete for sites on replicating DNA to stop replication.
Acyclovir Valacyclovir Famicyclovir |
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What are the therapeutic benefits of interferons?
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1. Reduce healing time and some complications from infection
2. Prevent or reduce symptoms of cold and papilloma iris 3. Slows progression of certain cancers, leukemias, and lymphomas 4. Treatment of Hep. C, genital warts, Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS patients) |
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What are the 2 ways infectious agents learn drug resistance?
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1. Spontaneous mutations
2. Acquisition of new genes via transfer from other species. |
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Name 3 methods for drug testing for susceptibility.
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1. Kirby-Bauer disk differentiation
2. E-test diffusion 3. Dilution tests (MIC) |
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What is meant by therapeutic index?
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It refers to the ratio of the dose ofbthe drug that is toxic to humans as compared to the MIC. It is best to choose a drug with the highest selectivity but lowest level of toxicity.
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