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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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naturally occurring antimicrobials that are produced by the actual microorganism.
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Antibiotics
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Metabolic products of aerobic bacteria and fungi that reduce competition for nutrients and space.
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Antibiotics
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Where are antibiotics derived?
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Bacteria: Streptomyces & Bacillus
Molds: Penicillin & Cephalosporium |
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How are antibiotics made?
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Semisynthetic drugs are made in the laboratory.
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Inhibit:
1) Cell wall 2) RNA, DNA and protein synthesis 3) Cell membrane 4) Folic Acid synthesis |
Primary Sites of antimicrobial drugs
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Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types. Example: Drug effective against gram + and gram - bacteria
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Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
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Antimicrobials that are effective against a limited array of microbial types. Example: Drug effective mainly for gram + bacteria
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Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
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- Easily administered
- Be able to reach infectious agent anywhere in body - Toxic to infectious agent, nontoxic to host - Remain active in body as long as needed - Can be safely/easily broken down and excreted |
Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs
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Antibiotics composed of one or more amino sugars and an animocyclitol (6-carbon) ring.
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Aminoglycosides
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They are the products of various species of soil and are especially useful in treating infections of gram – rods and certain gram + bacteria.
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Aminoglycosides
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Treats bubonic plague and tularemia and is considered a good antituberculosis agent.
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Aminogycosides
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The very first modern antimicrobial drug.
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Sulfonamides
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Drugs that are synthetic and do not originate from bacteria or fungi.
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Sulfonamides
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Treats shigellosis, acute urinary tract infections, and certain protozoan infections; ointments are prescribed for treatment of burns and eye infections.
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Sulfonamides
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A large group of naturally occurring and synthetic antibiotics produced by a mold and active against the cell wall of bacteria.
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Penicillin
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Is considered to be the drug of choice for infections by gram + cocci and some gram – bacteria.
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Penicillin
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Consists of three parts: a thiazolidine ring, a beta-lactam ring, and a variable side chain that dictates its microbicidal activity.
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Penicillin
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Enzymes that make the bacteria that possess them resistant to many penicillins.
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Penicillinases
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An infection occurring during antimicrobial therapy that is caused by an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms.
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Superinfection
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When a therapy destroys beneficial resident species, the microbes that were once in small numbers begin to overgrow and cause disease.
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Superinfection
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Preparations of live microorganisms that are fed to animals and humans to improve the intestinal biota.
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Probiotics
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This can serve to replace microbes lost during antimicrobial therapy or simply to augment the biota that is already there.
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Probiotics
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An approach that involves the consumption of yogurt because of the beneficial microbes or vaginal inserts for women who have recurring UTIs.
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Probiotics
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This drug is not advisable for children from birth to 8 years of age because they bind to the enamel of the teeth, creating a permanent gray to brown discoloration.
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Tetracyclines
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The smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth.
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MIC
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Is useful in determining the smallest effective dosage of a drug and in providing a comparative index against other antimicrobials.
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MIC
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The ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective dose.
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TI (Therapeutic Index)
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The closer the drug toxicity and human toxicity, the greater is the potential for toxic drug reactions.
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TI (Therapeutic Index)
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Agar diffusion test that provides useful data on antimicrobial susceptibility
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Kirby-Bauer procedure
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In this test, the surface of a plate of special medium is spread with the test bacterium, and small discs containing a premeasured amount of antimicrobial are dispensed onto the bacterial lawn.
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Kirby-Bauer procedure
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After incubation, the zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is measured and compared with a standard for each drug.
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Kirby-Bauer Procedure
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