Microbiology: Chapter 1 - Main Themes

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification

Front 2

what are the 7 major groups of microorganisms

Back 2

Bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes, fungi and archaea

also viruses:noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things, including other microorganisms

Front 3

Give examples of how microbiology is used

Back 3

agricultural micro
biotechnology
genetic engineering
immunology

Front 4

give examples of emerging areas of microbiology

Back 4

astromicrobiology
bioremediation
biofuels
marine microbiology

Front 5

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

Back 5

organisms without a true nucleus
eukaryotes (organisms with a true nucleus)

Front 6

describe the ubiquity of microorgs

Back 6

Found nearly everywhere – we have 3-5 lbs of bacteria in our bodies, most are not harmful
Occur in large numbers
Live in places many other organisms cannot

Front 7

Give examples of how humans have used mircroorgs for hundreds and thousands of years

Back 7

Baker’s and brewer’s yeast
Cheeses
Moldy bread on wounds

Front 8

define biotechnology and give examples

Back 8

when humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting
genetic engineering
recombinant dna

Front 9

describe genetic engineering

Back 9

create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) - i.e. b.t. corn – saves pesticides, golden rice w/betacaratein gene from carrots put in.

Front 10

describe dna technology

Back 10

allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins (i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes)

Front 11

describe bioremediation

Back 11

introducing microbes in to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants
Oil spills
Chemical spills
Water and sewage treatment – what you flush is responsible for cleaning the water – bacteria are cultivated to break down wastes

Front 12

name two pathogens (disease causing orgs) that are in the top ten causes for all U.S. deaths

Back 12

influenza/pneumonia
seticemia (bloodstream infection)

Front 13

describe 4 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Back 13

Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells lack many cell structures such as organelles
All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are
prokaryotes Lack a true nucleus

Front 14

describe viruses

Back 14

Not independently living cellular organisms
Much simpler than cells- basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by a lipid membrane
Individuals are called a virus particle or virion
Depend on the infected cell’s machinery to multiply and disperse

Front 15

most microorgs life a _____ ________

Back 15

free existence in soil or water for example (most like to be attached to a substrate)

Front 16

who is responsible for the earliest record of microbes?

Back 16

Robert hooke in the 1660s

Front 17

who invented the first microscope
(the father of bacteriology and protozoology)

Back 17

antonie van leeuwenhoek

Front 18

can you ever prove a hypothesis?

Back 18

No - you only fail to reject it.

Front 19

describe the scientific method

Back 19

hypothesis, predictions, testing, theory

Front 20

who worked with infusions in the mid-1800 and developed the Germ Theory of Disease

who showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance
who first developed a way to sterilize and kill spores

Back 20

louis pasteur
John tyndall
ferdinancd cohn

Front 21

who first develope aseptic technique

What did Robert Koch do?

Back 21

Joseph Lister

Developed Koch’s postulates- verified the germ theory

Front 22

describe step one of Koch's postulates

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The organism must be isolated from the tissues of all hosts with disease

Front 23

describe step two of Koch's postulates

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The isolated organism must be grown in pure culture.

Front 24

describe step three of Koch's postulates

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The cultured organism must be introduced into a healthy organism and a disease should result

Front 25

describe step four of Koch's postulates

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The organism should then be re-isolated from the newly infected organism grown in pure culture and be identical the original suspected pathogen

Front 26

what are some problems with koch's postulates?

Back 26

But what about organisms that can’t be cultured? – only about 10% of organisms can be cultured.
Chronic disease? – how many other organisms do you come across
Dosage?
Organisms working in concert
Individual immune repsonses

Front 27

who began taxonomy?

Define it

Back 27

Carl von Linne
classifying living things

Front 28

what are the levels of classification?

Back 28

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 29

describe the binomial system of nomenclature

Back 29

The generic (genus) name followed by the species name
Generic part is capitalized, species is lowercase
Both are italicized or underlined if italics aren’t available
Staphylococcus aureus – always capitalize the genus name

Front 30

define phylogeny

Back 30

Phylogeny- the degree of relatedness between groups of living things

Front 31

what is phylogeny based upon?

Back 31

Based on the process of evolution- hereditary information in living things changes gradually through time; these changes result in structural and functional changes through many generations

Front 32

what are the two preconceptions of phylogeny

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All new species originate from preexisting species
Closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor