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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Changes the distribution of genes in a population
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Evolution
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RNA-containing structure found in cells, used in protein synthesis
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Ribosome
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Life’s extremists
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archaea
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Universal information carrier
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DNA
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Light gathering pigment in all photosynthetic eukaryotes
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Chlorophyll A
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It lives inside another organism
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endosymbiont
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With a nucleus and organelles
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Eukaryotic
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Primitive protozoan without mitochondria
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Pelomyxa
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Site of eukaryote cell’s aerobic metabolism
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Mitochondria
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Domain with peptidoglycan cell walls
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Bacteria
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Made Earth’s oxygen atmosphere
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Cyanobacteria
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Requiring oxygen
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Aerobic
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Poisonous to many anaerobic organisms
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Oxygen
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Creates chemical energy from light
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Photosynthesis
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Graphic way to describe patterns of evolution
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Tree of life
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Explains the presence of bacteria-like DNA in the mitochondrion
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Endosymbiosis
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Cilia and flagella
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Locomotion organelles
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Key to eukaryotic diversity
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Sex
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*What is Microbiology?
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study of small living things
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*What does one study in microbiology?
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organisms that you need a microscope to see
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What are some examples of what you see under a microscope?
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viruses(electron microscope)
bacteria-archaea protozoans fungi-molds(hyphae/spores) |
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What is parasitology?
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Identify and look at the eggs(ova) of worm under microscope
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What is morphology?
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shape
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What is Immunology?
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Immune System
-Tcells -Bcells -Antibodies -Antigens |
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What is genetics?
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Molecular Biology
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What two themes does microbiology evolve around?
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Understanding basic life processes
and Application of that understanding to benefit of humans |
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What are microbes excellent models for understanding?
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cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms
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What is an excellent model for understanding multicellular and unicellular organisms?
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microbes
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Microbes play an important role in _______, ________, and ________.
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agriculture, industry and medicine
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What is the importance of microorganisms?
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1. Oldest form of life
2. Largest mass of living material on Earth 3. Carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles |
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What is the cell?
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A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life
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Four classes of cellular macromolecules
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Proteins
Nucleic acids Lipids Polysaccharides |
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Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
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Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
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Cytoplasm
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Fluid that fills cells
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Nucleus or nucleoid and ribosomes
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“Machinery” for cell growth and function
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Cell wall
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Present in most microbes, confers structural strength
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How old are microorganisms?
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3.5 billion years old
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What is the biogeochemical cycle?
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cycle enzymes from bacteria causes changes donate enzyme that changes one substrate to another
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What is the cell membrane made of?
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double phospholipid bilayer
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What does the cell wall do for the cell?
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1. give it shape
-round, rod, sprial 2. protects -more protection from osmotic pressure |
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What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?
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peptidoglycan (PG)
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What is the cell wall of Fungi made of?
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Chitin
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What is the cell wall of plants made of?
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cellulose
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Peptidoglycan, Chitin, and Cellulose are derived from what?
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glucose
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*Do bacteria have a nucleus?
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no, but they have chromosomes
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*What type of cells have cell membranes?
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all cells
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*What are cell membranes made of?
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phospholipid bilayer
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*What is unique about bacterial cell walls?
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peptoglycan
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Characteristics of Living Systems
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1. Compartmentalization and Metabolism
2. Regeneration 3.Reproduction 4. Differentiation 5. Communication 6. Movement 7. Evolution |
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Compartmentalization and Metabolism
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chemical transformation of nutrients
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Regeneration
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repair and replacement of components
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Reproduction
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generation of two cells from one
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Differentiation
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synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell (only in some microbes)
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Communication
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Generation of, and response to, chemical signals (only in some microbes)
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Movement
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Via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes
ex. cilia or flagella |
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Evolution
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Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring
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Cells can be considered ___________ that carry out _______ ________.
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machines; chemical transformation
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Enzymes
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protein catalysts of this chemical machine; accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
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Cells can also be considered _______ _______.
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Coding devices
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What do coding devices do?
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store and process information that is eventually passed on to offspring during reproduction through DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and evolution
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Growth
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The link between cells as machines and cells as coding devices
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replication in bacteria
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copying DNA of chromosome then copying the cell
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What is Binary Fission?
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one orgin of replication goes to 2 cells.
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Bidirection replication
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FAST replication
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What is an example of bidirectional replication?
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E Coli in colon, G-rod--replicates every 20 minutes.
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Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting assemblages called ____________.
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microbial communities
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The environment in which a microbial population lives is its __________.
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habitat
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__________refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment
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Ecosystem
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______________ is the study of microbes in their natural environments
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Microbial Ecology
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What controls the diversity and abundances of microbes?
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resources (nutrients) and environmental conditions (e.g., temp, pH, O2)
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The activities of microbial communities can affect the _________ and ________ of their habitats.
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chemical and physical properties
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In what ways do microbial communities interact?
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Cooperation& Competition
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Cooperation
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Work together
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Competition
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fight for food
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Microbes also interact with their ______ & _______ environment
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Physical and Chemical
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________ are greatly influenced by micobial activities
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Ecosystems
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Microorganisms change the _______ and _________ properties of their ______.
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physical and chemical
habitat |
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In what ways do microorganisms change the chemical and physical properties of their habitats?
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1. removal of nutrients from the environment
2. excretion of waste products |
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Universal ancestor
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common ancestral cell from which all cells descended
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How old is the earth?
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4.6 billion years old
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When did the first cells appear?
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3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago
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The atmosphere was anoxic until __________ years ago
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2 billion
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Metabolisms were anaerobic until evolution of _______ ______ ________.
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oxygen producing phototrophs
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Life was exclusively _______ until 1 billion years ago.
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microbial
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Where are most microbial cells found?
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oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces
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Microbes are found in almost every environment imaginable
True or False |
True.
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Global estimate of _____________.
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5x10^30 cells
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Cells are key reservoirs of what essential nutrients?
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C, P, and N
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Microorganisms can be both _______ and ______ to humans
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beneficial and harmful
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More microorganisms in nature are beneficial than harmful
True or False |
True
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Antibiotics are against _______ and _______.
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fungi and bacteria
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What aspects of agriculture depend on microbial activities?
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1. nitrogen-fixing bacteria
2. cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen 3. regeneration of nutrients in soil and water |
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Bioremediation
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clean environment
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What negative impacts do microorganisms have on food?
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food spoilage by microorganisms requires specialized preservation of many foods
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What positive impacts do microorganisms have on food?
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microbial transformations(fermentations) make dairy products and other foods
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What foods do microorganisms yield?
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cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, beer, sauerkraut
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Microbes make biofuels like....
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methane, ethanol, hydrogen
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What is the role of microbes in cleaning up pollutants?
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bioremediation
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Do bacteria have a nucleus?
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No
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Bacteria have a circular _______ made of ____ carrying genes that code for mRNA for protein.
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chromosome; DNA
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Exploitation of microbes for production of ________, _________, and __________.
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antibiotics, enzymes, and various chemicals
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Genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans, such as insulin
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biotechnology
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What careers can one have in Microbiology?
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1. Clinical Medicine
2. Research and Development 3. Microbial monitoring in food and beverage industries, public, health and govt. |
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"The role of infinitely small in nature is infinitely large"
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Louis Pasteur
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What are the four class of cellular macromolecules?
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lipids
protein carbohydrate nucleic acids |
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What are the importance of lipids in the cell
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cell membrane and energy source
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What is the importance of protein to the cell?
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enzymes and structurally
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What is the importance of carbs to the cell?
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ATP, cell walls, and storage
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What is the importance of nucleic acids in the cell?
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DNA=genetic code for everything
RNA=protein synthesis |
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mRNA
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code for amino acids
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tRNA
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carries amino acids
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rRNA
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binds to mRNA to hold it at ribosome for translation to occur
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What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell?
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phospholipid bilayer separates inside from outside and controls transport in and out.
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What is the function of the cytoplasm?
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inside the cytoplasmic membrane, fluid holds the stuff.
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What is the function of the nucleus/nucleotoid/chromosome?
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genes
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What is the function of the ribosome?
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site of translation
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cell wall
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shape
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What makes bacteria motile?
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flagella
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*Do bacteria have cilia?
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NO
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*What are enzymes and what do they do?
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enzymes are proteins that speed up reaction and get reused
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*What is an example of an enzyme?
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lipase, protease, catalase
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*What does catalase do?
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breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and hydrogen
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*Do microorganisms typically live in pure culture?
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no
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*What factors influence the types of microorganisms present?
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food, temperature, ph, water present
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*What do microorganisms do to the environment they are in?
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Live and grow to produce acids, drop pH, use nutrients
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