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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Microbiology |
the study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye |
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Microbiology studies |
viruses, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viroids, virusoids, and prions |
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Definition of microbiology should be considered by the ___ of the organism s and the _____ employed to study them |
size, techniques |
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Cellular microbiology include |
fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea |
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Acelular bacteria includes |
Viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions |
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) |
constructed microscopes and was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately |
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Concept of spontaneous generation |
living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter |
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Francesco Redi (1626-1697) |
challenged the concept of spontaneous generate by showing that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs deposited on the meat, and not from the meat itself |
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John Needham (1713-1781) |
showed that mutton broth boiled in flasks and then sealed could still develop microorganisms, which supported the theory of spontaneous generation |
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) |
Showed that flasks sealed and then boiled had no growth of microorganism Proposed that air carried germs to the medium |
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) |
Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with Swan-Necked Flasks experiment Also showed that pébrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite |
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Pasteur's Swan-Necked Flasks experiment |
Heated the necks of flasks, drawing them out into long curves, sterilized the media, and left the flasks open to the air, no growth was observed Microbes were trapped in the neck of the flask, if the necks were broken, dust would settle and the organisms would grow |
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John Tyndall (1820-1893) |
Demonstrated that dust did carry microbes and that if dust was absent, the broth remained sterile even if it was directly exposed to air Provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria |
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Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) |
Heat resistant bacteria could produce endospores |
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Agostino Bassi (1773-1856) |
showed that silkworm disease was caused by a fungus |
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M.J. Berkeley (1845) |
demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by water mold
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Joseph Lister (1827-1912) |
Developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds His patients had fewer postoperative infections published findings (1867) transformed the practice of surgery |
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Rober Kock (1843-1910) |
Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and antrax Used criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle (1809-1895) Criteria became known as Koch's Postulates |
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Koch's Postulates are used to |
establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease |
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Koch's Postulates |
1. The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals 2. The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host 4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host |
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Limitations of Koch's Postulates |
Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture Using humans in completing the postulates is unethical Molecular and genetic evidence may replace |
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Charles Chamberland |
Bacterial filter that removed bacteria and larger microbes; this led to the discovery of viruses as disease-causing agents |
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Contributions of Koch |
Isolated the bacteria that cause cholera and tuberculosis Developed tuberculin, now used in a skin test for TB Developed acid-fast staining Identified bacterial endospores First to grow culture on solid media Received nobel prize for medicine in 1905 |
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Edward Jenner |
vaccination for small pox |
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Louis Pasteur Immunological studies |
vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies |
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Emiil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato |
induced the formation of diphtheria toxin antitoxins in rabbits |
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Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) |
demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell-mediated immunity |
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Pasteurization |
Louis Pasteur Alcoholic fermentations were microbial activity |
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Sergei Winogradsky |
discovered iron, sulfur, and ammonia oxidizing bacteria
studied anaerobic nitrogen fixation and cellulose decomposition |
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Martinus Beijerinck |
isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a root-nodule bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen, and sulfate reducing bacteria
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Procaryotes
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simple morphology and lack a true membrane-delimited nucleus
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Eucaryotes |
morphologically complex and a membrane-enclosed nucleus
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Five kingdom classification scheme |
the Monera/Procaryotae, protista, fungi, animalia and plantae
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Three domain scheme
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Bacteria, Archae, and Eucarya
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Domain Hierarchy |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Scientists who study viruses |
Virologists |
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Scientists who study bacteria |
Bacteriologists |
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Scientists who study algae |
Phycologists or Algologists |
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Scientists who study fungi |
Mycologists |
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Scientists who study protozoa |
Protozoologists |
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Microbial morphology |
size, shape, and structure of organisms |
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Microbial cytology |
Similar structure in cells |
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Microbial physiology |
Functions |
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Microbial ecology |
Nitrogen fixation, recycling |
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Microbial genetics and molecular biology |
Genetic info passed on from one generation the next |
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Microbial taxonomy |
Classification and nomenclature |
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Medical microbiology, Immunology |
Studying diseases |
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Food and dairy microbiology |
Yogurt, cheese, alcoholic beverages |
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Public healthy microbiology |
Public restrooms, sanitary guidelines, diseases |
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Agricultural microbiology |
plants are vulnerable to fungal infections |
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Industrial microbiology |
production of goods |
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Limit of human eye |
0.2mm (200um) |
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penicillium |
broom-like structure, fungus |
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Major gases in air |
78% N2 21% O2 1% Co2, H2 |
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Symbiosis |
2 organisms come together and both benefit from each other |
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70% of antibiotics comes from |
Streptomyces spp. |
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Francesco Stelluti |
First to make observations using a microscope |
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Robert Hooke |
-had his own microscope -came up with the term "cell" |
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agar |
polysaccharide that comes from brown algae |