Microbiology Chapter 1

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

the study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye

Front 2

Microbiology studies

Back 2

viruses, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viroids, virusoids, and prions

Front 3

Definition of microbiology should be considered by the ___ of the organism s and the _____ employed to study them

Back 3

size, techniques

Front 4

Cellular microbiology include

Back 4

fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea

Front 5

Acelular bacteria includes

Back 5

Viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions

Front 6

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Back 6

constructed microscopes and was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately

Front 7

Concept of spontaneous generation

Back 7

living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Front 8

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

Back 8

challenged the concept of spontaneous generate by showing that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs deposited on the meat, and not from the meat itself

Front 9

John Needham (1713-1781)

Back 9

showed that mutton broth boiled in flasks and then sealed could still develop microorganisms, which supported the theory of spontaneous generation

Front 10

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

Back 10

Showed that flasks sealed and then boiled had no growth of microorganism

Proposed that air carried germs to the medium

Front 11

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Back 11

Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with Swan-Necked Flasks experiment

Also showed that pébrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite

Front 12

Pasteur's Swan-Necked Flasks experiment

Back 12

Heated the necks of flasks, drawing them out into long curves, sterilized the media, and left the flasks open to the air, no growth was observed

Microbes were trapped in the neck of the flask, if the necks were broken, dust would settle and the organisms would grow

Front 13

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

Back 13

Demonstrated that dust did carry microbes and that if dust was absent, the broth remained sterile even if it was directly exposed to air

Provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria

Front 14

Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)

Back 14

Heat resistant bacteria could produce endospores

Front 15

Agostino Bassi (1773-1856)

Back 15

showed that silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Front 16

M.J. Berkeley (1845)

Back 16

demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by water mold

Front 17

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

Back 17

Developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds

His patients had fewer postoperative infections

published findings (1867) transformed the practice of surgery

Front 18

Rober Kock (1843-1910)

Back 18

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and antrax

Used criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle (1809-1895)

Criteria became known as Koch's Postulates

Front 19

Koch's Postulates are used to

Back 19

establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease

Front 20

Koch's Postulates

Back 20

1. The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals

2. The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture

3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host

4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host

Front 21

Limitations of Koch's Postulates

Back 21

Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture

Using humans in completing the postulates is unethical

Molecular and genetic evidence may replace

Front 22

Charles Chamberland

Back 22

Bacterial filter that removed bacteria and larger microbes; this led to the discovery of viruses as disease-causing agents

Front 23

Contributions of Koch

Back 23

Isolated the bacteria that cause cholera and tuberculosis

Developed tuberculin, now used in a skin test for TB

Developed acid-fast staining

Identified bacterial endospores

First to grow culture on solid media

Received nobel prize for medicine in 1905

Front 24

Edward Jenner

Back 24

vaccination for small pox

Front 25

Louis Pasteur Immunological studies

Back 25

vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

Front 26

Emiil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

Back 26

induced the formation of diphtheria toxin antitoxins in rabbits

Front 27

Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916)

Back 27

demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell-mediated immunity

Front 28

Pasteurization

Back 28

Louis Pasteur

Alcoholic fermentations were microbial activity

Front 29

Sergei Winogradsky

Back 29

discovered iron, sulfur, and ammonia oxidizing bacteria

studied anaerobic nitrogen fixation and cellulose decomposition

Front 30

Martinus Beijerinck

Back 30

isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a root-nodule bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen, and sulfate reducing bacteria

Front 31

Procaryotes

Back 31

simple morphology and lack a true membrane-delimited nucleus

Front 32

Eucaryotes

Back 32

morphologically complex and a membrane-enclosed nucleus

Front 33

Five kingdom classification scheme

Back 33

the Monera/Procaryotae, protista, fungi, animalia and plantae

Front 34

Three domain scheme

Back 34

Bacteria, Archae, and Eucarya

Front 35

Domain Hierarchy

Back 35

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Front 36

Scientists who study viruses

Back 36

Virologists

Front 37

Scientists who study bacteria

Back 37

Bacteriologists

Front 38

Scientists who study algae

Back 38

Phycologists

or Algologists

Front 39

Scientists who study fungi

Back 39

Mycologists

Front 40

Scientists who study protozoa

Back 40

Protozoologists

Front 41

Microbial morphology

Back 41

size, shape, and structure of organisms

Front 42

Microbial cytology

Back 42

Similar structure in cells

Front 43

Microbial physiology

Back 43

Functions

Front 44

Microbial ecology

Back 44

Nitrogen fixation, recycling

Front 45

Microbial genetics and molecular biology

Back 45

Genetic info passed on from one generation the next

Front 46

Microbial taxonomy

Back 46

Classification and nomenclature

Front 47

Medical microbiology, Immunology

Back 47

Studying diseases

Front 48

Food and dairy microbiology

Back 48

Yogurt, cheese, alcoholic beverages

Front 49

Public healthy microbiology

Back 49

Public restrooms, sanitary guidelines, diseases

Front 50

Agricultural microbiology

Back 50

plants are vulnerable to fungal infections

Front 51

Industrial microbiology

Back 51

production of goods

Front 52

Limit of human eye

Back 52

0.2mm (200um)

Front 53

penicillium

Back 53

broom-like structure, fungus

Front 54

Major gases in air

Back 54

78% N2

21% O2

1% Co2, H2

Front 55

Symbiosis

Back 55

2 organisms come together and both benefit from each other

Front 56

70% of antibiotics comes from

Back 56

Streptomyces spp.

Front 57

Francesco Stelluti

Back 57

First to make observations using a microscope

Front 58

Robert Hooke

Back 58

-had his own microscope

-came up with the term "cell"

Front 59

agar

Back 59

polysaccharide that comes from brown algae