Microbiology Chapter 1 & 6 Review

Front 1

photosynthetic bacteria; may fix nitrogen from air

Back 1

cyanobacteria

Front 2

photosynthetic eukaryotes

Back 2

algae

Front 3

eukaryotes classified primarily by their means of locomotion

Back 3

protozoa

Front 4

general name for a rod-shaped bacterium

Back 4

bacillus

Front 5

general name for a spherical bacterium

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coccus

Front 6

prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and are often found in extreme environments

Back 6

archaea

Front 7

bacteria generally reproduce by a process called _______ into two equal daughter cells

Back 7

binary fission

Front 8

the set of criteria that prove that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease is known today as

Back 8

Koch's postulates

Front 9

the concept that living cells can arise only from other living cells is called

Back 9

biogenesis

Front 10

one objection that proponents of spontaneous generation made to experiments in which nutrient fluids were heated in sealed containers was that heating destroyed some _____ in the air

Back 10

vital force

Front 11

according to the rules applied to the scientific naming of a biological organism, the _____ name is always capitalized

Back 11

genus

Front 12

Paul Ehrlich discovered an arsenic derivative, _______, that was effective against syphilis

Back 12

salvarsan

Front 13

antimicrobial chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi are called

Back 13

antibiotics

Front 14

What are advantages of using microorganisms to control insect pests?

Back 14

biolgical control agents, such as B. thoringiensis, are specific for insects, so they don't pose a threat to humans and other animals. Biological control aents do not remain in the soil as toxic pollutants that enter and concentrate in the food chain as do many chemical agents, such as DDT.

Front 15

helical, move by flagella, if present

Back 15

spirilla

Front 16

spherical; in chains

Back 16

streptococci

Front 17

divide in three regular planes; spheres form cubelike packets

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sarcinae

Front 18

helical; axial filaments for motility

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spriochetes

Front 19

a simple, commalike curve

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vibrios

Front 20

name means, "little staff"

Back 20

bacilli

Front 21

ovals

Back 21

coccbacilli

Front 22

golgi complex

e or p

Back 22

eukaryotic cell

Front 23

meiosis occurs in reproduction

e or p

Back 23

eukaryotic cell

Front 24

usually single circular chromosome without histones

e or p

Back 24

prokaryotic cell

Front 25

sterols generally present in cell membrane

e or p

Back 25

eukaryotic cell

Front 26

cell wall almost always contains peptidoglycans

e or p

Back 26

prokaryotic cell

Front 27

nucleus bounded by a membrane

e or p

Back 27

eukaryotic cell

Front 28

arrangement of flagella distributed over the entire cell

Back 28

peritrichous

Front 29

a single flagellum at each end of the cell

Back 29

amphitrichous

Front 30

a widening at the base of the flagellar filament

Back 30

hook

Front 31

an enzyme affecting gram-positive cell walls; found in tears

Back 31

lysozyme

Front 32

a compound found in bacterial endospores

Back 32

dipicolinic acid

Front 33

a compound frequently found in the cell walls of yeasts

Back 33

chitin

Front 34

no flagella

Back 34

atrichous

Front 35

highly resistant bodies formed by a few bacterial species

Back 35

endospores

Front 36

small circular DNA molecules that are not connected with the main chromosome

Back 36

plasmids

Front 37

the semifluid center portion of the mitochondrion

Back 37

matrix

Front 38

a substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the cell wall of archaea

Back 38

pseudomurein

Front 39

bacteria with irregular morphology

Back 39

pleomorphic

Front 40

adapted to high concentrations, which are required for growth

Back 40

extreme halophiles

Front 41

the general term used for organisms capable of growth at 0*C

Back 41

psychrophile

Front 42

capable of growth at high temperatures; optimum 50*C to 60*C

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thermophile

Front 43

used in media to neutralize acids

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buffer

Front 44

a phenomenon that occurs when bacteria are placed in high salt concentrations

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plasmolysis

Front 45

term used in text for organisms that grow well at refrigerator temperatures; optimum growth is at temperatures of 20-30*C

Back 45

psychrotroph

Front 46

microbes that grow better at high C02 concentrations

Back 46

capnophile

Front 47

members of the archaea with an optimum growth temperature of 80*C or higher

Back 47

hyperthermophle

Front 48

considered a synonym for psychrotroph by some microbiologists

Back 48

facultative psychrophile

Front 49

isolation method for getting pure cultures; uses an inoculating loop to trace a pattern of inoculum on a solid medium

Back 49

streak plate

Front 50

a device for maintaining bacteria in a logarithmic growth phase

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chemostat

Front 51

used to increase the numbers of a small minority of microorganisms in a mixed culture to arrive at a detectable level of microorganisms

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enrichment culture

Front 52

preservation method that uses quick-freezing and a high vacuum

Back 52

lyophilization

Front 53

accumulations of microbes large enough to see without a microscope

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colonies

Front 54

microbes added to initiate growth

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inoculum

Front 55

new cell numbers balanced by death of cells

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stationary phase

Front 56

no cell division, but intense metabolic activity

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lag phase

Front 57

a logarithmic plot of the population produces an ascending straight line

Back 57

log phase

Front 58

used to grow obligate anaerobes

Back 58

reducing media

Front 59

designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and to encourage growth of desired microbes

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selective media

Front 60

generally contain ingredients such as sodium thioglycolate that chemically combine with dissolved oxygen

Back 60

reducing media

Front 61

nutrient are digests or extracts; exact chemical composition varies slightly from batch to batch

Back 61

complex media

Front 62

what conditions that are characteristics of the food tend to retard spoilage in grape jelly

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fruit jelly is acidic and also has a relatively high osmotic pressure from added sugars

Front 63

what conditions that are characteristics of the food tend to retard spoilage in pickles

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are acidic

Front 64

what conditions that are characteristics of the food tend to retard spoilage in salted fish

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high osmotic pressures

Front 65

what conditions that are characteristics of the food tend to retard spoilage in cheddar cheese

Back 65

acidic and have relatively low moisture

Front 66

what kinds of microorganisms would be most likely to cause spoilage of each of the foods?

Back 66

molds

Front 67

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plate counts for milk intended for commercial sale

Back 67

perishable and the delay required for incubation of plates would often be too lengthy for practical use

Front 68

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plate counts for molds

Back 68

filamentous and plate counts would often arise from mold spores or fragments of mold filaents, which would not indicate the mold growth very well

Front 69

obligate aerobe: where in the tube does growth occur and why

Back 69

near top of medium
dissovled 02 diffused only a short distance in the medium

Front 70

facultative anaerobe: where in the tube does growth occur and why

Back 70

best near surface, but throughout tube

can survive without, but grows best with

Front 71

obligate anaerobe: where in the tube does growth occur and why

Back 71

at bottom
02 kills them

Front 72

aerotolerant anaerobe: where in the tube does growth occur and why

Back 72

evenly throughout tube
doesn't use 02

Front 73

microaerophile: where in the tube does growth occur and why

Back 73

in a narrow bend of the medium

they will grow at the depth having the optimum oxygen concentration

Front 74

agar is a ________ derived from a marine alga

Back 74

polysaccharide

Front 75

a few bacteria and the photo synthesizing ________ are able to use gaseous nitrogen directly from the atmosphere

Back 75

cyanobacteria

Front 76

______ are the most common microbe; their optimum temperatures are 25*C to 40*C

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mesophiles

Front 77

osmotic effects are roughly related to the ________ of molecules in a given volume of solution

Back 77

number

Front 78

a complex medium in liquid form is called a nutrient

Back 78

broth

Front 79

for preservation by _______, a pure culture of microbes is placed in a suspending liquid and quick-frozen at -50*C to -95*C

Back 79

deep-freezing

Front 80

bacteria usually reproduce by

Back 80

binary fission

Front 81

turbidity is recorded in a spectrophotometer as ______

Back 81

absorbance/optical density

Front 82

the growth of filamentous organisms such as fungi is often best recorded by means of

Back 82

dry weight measurement

Front 83

_______ anaerobes grow more efficiently aerobically than they do anaerobically

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facultative

Front 84

______ halophiles do not require high salt concentrations; but they are able to grow at salt concentrations that may inhibit the growth of many other bacteria

Back 84

facultative

Front 85

examples of buffers are ____ , ____, and ____ found in complex media are also buffers

Back 85

salts, peptones, amino acids

Front 86

any nutrient material prepared for growth of bacteria in a laboratory is called a

Back 86

culture medium

Front 87

agar melts at about the boiling point of water but remains liquid until the temperature drops to about

Back 87

40*C

Front 88

dilutions of a bacterial mixture are poured into a Petri dish and mixed with melted agar. ths plate-counting methos is called the

Back 88

pour plate method

Front 89

partially digested protein products used in complex media are called

Back 89

peptones

Front 90

in order to grow obligate intracellular parasites such as rickettsias and chlamydias, it is usually necessary to provide

Back 90

living host cells

Front 91

the general term for tests that estimate microbial growth by the time required for them to deplete oxygen in the medium is _______

Back 91

reduction tests

Front 92

an enzyme acting upon hydrogen peroxide

Back 92

catalase

Front 93

rhizobium bacteria do this in symbiosis with leguminous plants

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nitrogen fixation

Front 94

requires atmospheric oxygen to grow

Back 94

obligate aerobe

Front 95

requires atmospheric oxygen, but in lower than normal concentrations

Back 95

microaerophile

Front 96

does not use oxygen, but grows readily in its presence

Back 96

aerotolerant anaerobe

Front 97

does not use oxygen and usually finds it toxic

Back 97

obligate anaerobe

Front 98

important source of energy, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur requirements in complex media

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peptones

Front 99

breaks down hydrogen peroxide without generation of oxygen

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peroxidase

Front 100

formed in cytoplasm by ionizing radiation

Back 100

hydroxyl radical

Front 101

an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

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catalase

Front 102

the toxic form of oxygen neutralized by superoxide dismutase

Back 102

superoxide free radicals

Front 103

a component added to some culture media that makes the Petri plate into a self-contained anaerobic chamber

Back 103

oxyrase

Front 104

extracellular polymeric substances on some bacterial cells; may help cells adhere to surfaces

Back 104

glycocalyx

Front 105

bacterial cell with thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide

Back 105

gram-negative

Front 106

protein that forms fimbriae

Back 106

pilin

Front 107

bundles of microtubules that probably play a role in cell division of eukaryotic cells

Back 107

centrioles

Front 108

bacteria that have lost their cell walls and may latr spontaneously regain them

Back 108

L-forms

Front 109

chemically, the capsule is a ________, a polypeptide, or both

Back 109

polysaccharide

Front 110

capsules protect pathogenic bacteria from _________, a process by which protective host cells engult and destroy miroorganisms

Back 110

phagocytosis

Front 111

contain pigments for photoynthesis by bactera; found in the plasma membrane

Back 111

chromatophores

Front 112

gram-negative bacterial cells after their treatment with lysozyme

Back 112

spheroplasts

Front 113

specialized external structures that assist in the transfer of genetic material between cells

Back 113

sex pili

Front 114

numerous short, hairlike appendages that help in attachment to mucous membranes

Back 114

fimbriae

Front 115

general term for substances surrounding bacterial cells

Back 115

glycocalyx

Front 116

polysaccharides found in the cell wall of many gram-positive bacteria

Back 116

teichoic acids

Front 117

inclusions of iron oxide

Back 117

magnetosomes

Front 118

metachromatic granules of stored phosphate in prokaryotes

Back 118

volutin

Front 119

entrance of fluids and dissolved substances into eukaryotic cells

Back 119

pinocytosis

Front 120

membrane-encolsed spheres in phagocytic cells that contain powerful digestive enzymes

Back 120

lysosomes

Front 121

the "powerhouses" of the cell

Back 121

mitochondria

Front 122

a gel-like fluid found in the eukaryotic nucleus

Back 122

ribosomes

Front 123

a folded inner membrane found in mitochondria

Back 123

cristae

Front 124

sometimes contributes to movment of a cell

Back 124

cytoplasmic streaming

Front 125

found in walls of acid-fast bacteria

Back 125

mycolic acid

Front 126

adheres best to bacteria, which have a negative charge, because the color molecule has a positive charge

Back 126

basic dyes

Front 127

used in diagnosis of tuberculosis

Back 127

acid-fast stain

Front 128

involves the use of a negative stain made from India ink particles

Back 128

capsule stain

Front 129

Shaeffer-Fulton stain

Back 129

endospore stain

Front 130

uses carbolfuchsin dye

Back 130

acid-fast stain

Front 131

uses malachite green

Back 131

endospore stain

Front 132

reflects a basic difference between microbial cell walls; ehtanol will not remove stain from bacteria

Back 132

gram stain