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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microbiology
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The study of living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification
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Microorganisms
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Microscopic organisms, or microbes
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Microorganisms include:
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Protozoans, Fungi, Bacteria, Algae, Viruses, Helminths
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Viruses are...
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protein coded genetic elements that are not alive; parasitic= dependent on their host
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Microbes are very easy and very hard to study...why?
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They reproduce quickly, so we can grow to study them, but they can't been seen directly, microscopes or other indirect methods are needed to study them
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Bacterial type organisms (prokaryotes) have been on the planet for about.... also define prokaryote
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3.5 billion years; no true nucleus
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Eukaryotic organisms (define) have been on the earth for how many years?
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Eukaryotes have a true nucleus; 1.8 billion years ago
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Microbes are ubiquitous
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can be found anywhere, ex: ice caps, volcanic rock
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Define evolution
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accumulation of changes in DNA that occur in an organism as they adapt in their environment(s)
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Theory of Evolution
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observable phenomenon that is testable by science; has undergone years of testing and has not been disproven
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Photosynthesis (define)
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light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen
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-Anoxygenic photosynthesis vs. Oxygenic photosynthesis
-Photosynthetic microorganisms (such as...) account for how much of the earth's photosynthesis |
-without oxygen; O2 is produced- allows for development/ emergence of aerobic respiration (O2 + nutrients = ATP (fuel all rxns in organism)
-bacteria, viruses and algae; more than 70% of earth's photosynthesis |
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Microorganisms are the main forces that drive the structure and content of....
-produce gases such as: |
the soil, water and atmosphere
-02, CO2, CH3 |
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Humans use microbes for...
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Genetic engineering: area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms
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Microbes are also used for...
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bioremediation: use of m.o. to restore stability or clean up toxic products (ex: oil spill)
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Do the majority of microbes cause harm to humans?
What do cause harm to us? |
No harm- symbiotic relationship with us
Pathogens- they cause disease |
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Emerging and Re-emerging infectious diseases:
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Emerging: new diseases: HIV/AIDS
Re-emerging: disease thought to be eradicated, comes back: TB |
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Diseases one considered to be noninfectious have now been found to have a microbial cause... EX:
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gastric ulcers: Helicobacter pylori (underlined/italics)
diabetes: coxsackievirus schizophrenia: borna agent Others: OCD, obesity, cornary artery disease |
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Microbes in history: 2 beliefs
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abiogenesis: life is created by invisible life forces (discounted by Louis Pasteur)
biogenesis: life comes from life |
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Pasteur's swan neck flask experiment
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one flask left open to air, other bent neck so gravity would trap airborne microbes in base of flask
open: growth occurs closed: no growth/ sterile |
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History of Microscopes
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Hooke: used simple magnifying glass to describe cells
Leeuwenhoek: used many microscopes to magnify up to 300x |
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Important figures in Microbiology
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Lister: aseptic techniques- wash hands before surgery
Holmes and Semmelweis: wash hands in doctor office Koch: germ theory of disease- link b/w disease and microbes that caused it |
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Recent Advances in Microbiology
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Restriction Enzymes: discovered in prokaryotes; allows us to splice the DNA pieces into vehicles that can carry them into other cells
PCR: polymerase chain rxn: detect DNA and then amplify them into quantities sufficient for studying |
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Biofilms
Small RNAs |
-accumulation of multiple species of bacteria of microbes on surfaces
-small pieces of RNA that can effect gene expression |
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Prokaryotes VS. Eukaryotes
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P: No nucleus; E: Nucleus
no membrane bound organelles; membrane bound organelles bacteria; fungi, protozoans, helminths, algae |
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Five types of microorganisms (largest to smallest)
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Helminths, virus, protozoan, bacterium, fungus
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Macromolecules
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Monomer- Macromolecule- Function
monosaccharide- carbs- energy fatty acids & glycerols- lipids- storage amino acids- proteins- DNA (traits we express; AGCT> AGCU) |
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Nomenclature
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assignment of scientific names
binomial nomenclature: Genus species (underlined/italics) |
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Classification (Broad to Specific)
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Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speices
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Woese-Fox System
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based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu RNA); the closer related you are- more similar DNA sequence will be; really different- diff. DNA sequence identity
-Eukarya, Bacteria, Archea |
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5 kingdoms
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Anamalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Algae
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