Microbiology Chapter 1

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

Study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye.

Front 2

Who was the first to observe bacteria under a microscope? When?

Back 2

Antoni van Leeuenhoek. 1700

Front 3

Leeuenhoek's contributions?

Back 3

His microscope has sufficient resolving power to see bacteria.
-discovered the normal microbial flora of the body
-discovered the bacteria in dental plaque
-showed that bacteria grow on nutrients and increase in numbers
-published finding in Journal of Royal Society of London

Front 4

Spontaneous Generation

Back 4

Living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Front 5

John Needham

Back 5

Mutton broth-boiled-then sealed

Front 6

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Back 6

Mutton broth-then sealed-boiled

Front 7

How did Louis Pasteur resolve the spontaneous generation controversy? When?

Back 7

1865. Created flasks with long, curved necks.Boiled and then left exposed to air. Results: no growth of microorganisms.

Front 8

John Tyndall

Back 8

1865. Demonstrated that dust carried microorganisms. Provided evidence of endospores.

Front 9

Endospores

Back 9

Provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms.

Front 10

Pasteur & disease

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showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

Front 11

Joseph Lister
Date

Back 11

1867. Developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds; antisepsis.

Front 12

Robert Koch
Date

Back 12

1865

Front 13

Koch's Contributions?

Back 13

-established relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
-Koch's postulates

Front 14

Koch's Postulates

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1. Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
2. Suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3. Same disease must result when the isolated microorgansim is inoculated into a healthy host
4. Same microorgansism must be isolated again from the diseased host

Front 15

Exceptions to Koch's postulates

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1. Heliobacter procory; bacteria assosicated with stomach ulcers. Discovered 60% normal healthy adults carry heliobacter
2. Causing agent of syphallis still cant be grown in pure culture
3. Cant really inoculate AIDS into people

Front 16

Charles Chamberland

Back 16

developed porcelain bacterial filter

Front 17

Wendell Stanley

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Wendell Stanley crystallized the tobacco mozaic virus in 1935. Viruse went right through Chamberland's filter.

Front 18

Edward Jenner

Back 18

Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

Front 19

Attenuation

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incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lost their ability to cause disease

Front 20

Pasteur & vaccines

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-Chicken cholera
-Anthrax
-Rabies

Front 21

Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitassato

Back 21

Created toxoids and used them to produce antitoxins

Front 22

Elie Metchnikoff
Date

Back 22

1900. Discovered phagocytic cells in the blood.

Front 23

Alexander Fleming & Penicillin
Date

Back 23

1929. He discoved some bacteria-repelling mold in an uncovered culture of staphylocci.

Front 24

How are microorganisms changing to become antibiotic resistant?

Back 24

Microbial populations have been shown to change due to exposure to antibiotics and antibacterial agents.

Front 25

Dates for:
Griffith
Avery, Macleod, McCarty
James Watson & Francis Crick

Back 25

-1929
-1944
-1953

Front 26

What is the operon model?

Back 26

The coordinated control of gene expression in bacteria

Front 27

People & date associated with operon model?

Back 27

Jacob & Monod. 1961

Front 28

What is a restriction enzyme?

Back 28

a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along its length

Front 29

What is the PCR?

Back 29

A technique for amplifying DNA sequences in vitro by separating the DNA into two strands and incubating it with oligonucleotide primers & DNA polymerase. Can amplify a specific sequence of DNA.

Front 30

People & date associated with PCR?

Back 30

Kary Mullis 1983

Front 31

Louis Pasteur & pasteurization

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Demonstrated tht alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity. Different microorgansims produce different fermentation products. Developed process of pasterurization to preserve wine during storage.

Front 32

Contributions of Sergei Winogradsky & Martinius Beijerinck
Date

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late 1800s. Studied nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, autotrophy and enrichment technique.

Front 33

Autotrophy

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derive carbon from carbon dioxide

Front 34

Enrichment culture

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Use selective enrichment technique to develop bacteria with certain characteristics. Ex. phenol degrading bacteria.

Front 35

Procaryotic cells divided into what two groups?

Back 35

Bacteria and Archaea

Front 36

Importance of microorganisms (5)

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-first living organisms on planet
-live everywhere life is possible
-more numerous than any other kind of orgaisms
-global ecosystem depends on their activities
-influence human society in many ways

Front 37

Future of Microbiology
Infectious disease

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-mechanisms of pathogenesis
-new targets

Front 38

Future of Microbiology
new and improved industrial processes

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-enzymes from extremophiles
-organisms engineered with multiple pathways

Front 39

Future of Microbiology
Diversity and ecology

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-less than 1% of earth's microbial population has been cultured

Front 40

Biofilm

Back 40

microorganisms grow on surfaces as complex communities. Often resistent to antibiotics.

Front 41

Genome analysis

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whole new world of exploration and approach to studying microorganisms.

Front 42

New and emerging diseases. Factors leading to emergence and reemergence.

Back 42

-changes in human demographics and weather patterns
-changes in human behavior
-economic development
-changes in land use
-increases in international travel
-increases in commerce
-microbial adaptation and change
-deterioration of the Public Health system, local, national and global.