Microbiology Ch.1

Front 1

Role and impact of microbes on the earth

Back 1

They insulate the earth with the gas they produce.

Bacteria/fungi help plants get nutrients and fight disease.

They perform 70% of earth's photosynthesis.

Front 2

What is the theory of Evolution

Back 2

The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to there environment.

It is a theory because it's been well studied/established/tested.

Front 3

Explain the ways humans manipulate organisms for their own use.

Back 3

Food production

Treatment of wounds

Mining/cleaning up human created contamination.

GMO'S

Recombinant DNA

Bio Remediation

Front 4

Pathogens

Back 4

Microbes that cause disease. Over 2,000 types

Most common worldwide cause of death

Lowered immune systems make humans more susceptible to typical "harmless" microbes.

Increase of microbe resiliency to drugs.

Front 5

Virus

Back 5

Not independently living cellular organisms. Sized inbetween large molecules and cells.

Front 6

Bacteria

Back 6

Single celled, not true nucleus, lack organelles. 10 x smaller than eukaryotic cells

Front 7

Archaea

Back 7

Single celled, no true nucleus, lack organelles, 10 x smaller than eukaryotic cells. Extremophiles. Distinctly different from bactetia.

Front 8

Eukaryotic microorganisms

Back 8

Small minority compared to bacteria and archaea. Contian a nucleus and organelles. Some are microscopic some are macroscopic.

Front 9

Carbohydrates

Back 9

Monosaccharides-glucose and fructose

Disacharides-maltose,lactose,sucrose

Polysaccharides-starch,cellulose,glycogen

Front 10

Lipids

Back 10

Triglycerides-fats,oils

Phospholipids

Waxes-mycolic acid

Steriods-cholesterol, ergosterol

Front 11

Protiens

Back 11

Enzymes- part of cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes and antibodies.

Front 12

Nucleic acids

Back 12

DNA-chromosomes, genetic materiel of viruses

RNA- mRNA tRNA rRNA small RNA

Front 13

Primary Structure of Protien Structure

Back 13

Type number, and order of amino acids in the chain.

Front 14

Secondary structure of protien

Back 14

Hydrogen bonds form on the amino acid chain causing the chain to twist into a: beta-pleated sheet, alpha helix, or random coil.

Front 15

Tertiary structure of protien

Back 15

Additional bonds between functional groups.

Front 16

Quaternary Structure of Protien

Back 16

More than one polypeptide forms a large multi unit protien

Front 17

What is a nucleotide?

Back 17

Nucleotide is composed of a: phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogen base.

Front 18

DNA

Back 18

Contains bases Adenine,Thymine,Cytosine, guanine. Shaped in a double helix.

Front 19

RNA

Back 19

Contains bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Single stranded.

Front 20

How does A&P store and release energy.

Back 20

Third hydrogen bond releases alot of energy when broken. Third phosphate is easily added and broken.

Front 21

3 characteristics common to all living cells

Back 21

1.Tend to be spherical, polygonal, cubical or cylindrical.

2. Their protoplasm (internal cell contents) are encased in a cell or cytoplasmic membrane.

3.Contain chromosomes containing DNA and ribosomes for protien synthesis

Front 22

Taxonomy

Back 22

The science of classifying living beings.

Front 23

Nomenclature

Back 23

The assignment of scientific names to the various Taxonomic categories and to individual organisms.

Front 24

Classification

Back 24

The orderly arrangement of organisms into a heiarchy.

Front 25

Taxonomic Categories in order

Back 25

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Front 26

Binomial name order

Back 26

Genus, Species

Front 27

Traditional approach to taxonomy

Back 27

Approach to taxonomy were based on basic principles: shape, function and whether or not it has a nucleus.

Front 28

Molecular approach to taxonomy

Back 28

Puts more emphasis on how the genetic material is used and expressed in organisms.

Front 29

Phylogeny

Back 29

Taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between. Groups of living beings.

Front 30

Five I's Inoculation

Back 30

To grow/culture microorganisms, one introduces a tiny sample into a container of nutrient medium.

Front 31

Five I's Incubation

Back 31

An inoculated nutrient medium it is placed in a temperature-controlled chamber to encourage growth.

Front 32

Five I's Isolation

Back 32

Separating bacteria from each other where they can grow a colony. Iso techniques: streak plate, loop dilation, and spread plate.

Front 33

Fives I's Inspection

Back 33

Cultures are observed microscopically for growth characteristics that could be useful in identifying the specimen contents.

Front 34

Five I's Identification

Back 34

To be able to determine the specimen

Front 35

Liquid Media State

Back 35

Water based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and tend to flow freely when moving container.

Front 36

Semi-solid Media State

Back 36

More body than liquid media but less than solid media. Has a soft clot like structure at room temperature

Front 37

Solid/Reversible to Liquid Media State

Back 37

Contains 1-5% agar, are solid enough to remain in place when container is moved. Can be liquefied with heat, poured into a container and resolidified

Front 38

Selective Medium

Back 38

Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes. It encourages or selects certain microbes to grow. Used with saliva and feces alot

Front 39

Differential Medium

Back 39

Allow multiple microbes to grow but are designed to display visible differences in how they grow. Ex. 3 organisms grow in one petri dish but all three show different reactions.

Front 40

Defined/synthetic media

Back 40

Composition is precisely chemically defined. Contain pure/inorganic compounds that vary little.

Front 41

Complex media

Back 41

Composition cannot be precisely defined. Ex. When you add plant/animale tissue to media.

Front 42

3 elements of good microscopy

Magnification

Back 42

Two phases:real/virtual image. Total Magnification is total of both.

Front 43

3 elements of good microscopy

Resolution

Back 43

Resolving power: ability to distinguish between two adjacent objects.

Front 44

3 elements of good microscopy

Contrast

Back 44

Refractive inde: degree of bending that light undergoes as it passes from one medium to another. The higher the differences in refractive index, the sharper the contrast. Iris diaphram: to much light can can reduce contrast.

Front 45

Simple stain

Back 45

One dye used in an simple procedure. Crystal violet and methylane blue stain

Front 46

Differential stain

Back 46

Use two differently colored stains to distinguish between cell parts.

Ex: Gram stains, Acid fast stain, endoscope stain.

Front 47

Special Stain

Back 47

Used to emphasize cell parts not revealed by conventional techniques. Ex. India ink capsule stain, flagellar stain.

Front 48

All bacteria contain

Back 48

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, chromosomes.

Front 49

Most bacteria contain

Back 49

Cell wall, glycocalyx

Front 50

Some bacteria contain

Back 50

Flagella, pilli, and fimbriae, outer membrane, plasmids, inclusions,endospores, intracellular membrane.

Front 51

Cocci shape of bacteria

Back 51

Circular

Front 52

Baccili shape of bacteria

Back 52

Rod shaped

Front 53

Spirilla shaped bacteria

Back 53

Spirilla shape

Front 54

Spirochete shape

Back 54

Long spirilled mobile

Front 55

Diplo cell arrangement

Back 55

Pair of cells

Front 56

Strepto cell arrangement

Back 56

Chain of cells

Front 57

Palisades cell arrangement

Back 57

Cells in a change attached by a hinge

Front 58

Staphlo cell arrangement

Back 58

Irregular clusters

Front 59

Tetrad cell arrangement

Back 59

Groups of four

Front 60

Flagella structure and function

Back 60

Main function is taxa.

Monotrichous-single flagellum

Lopotrichous-small bunches emerging from same sight

Amphitrichous- flagella at both poles

Front 61

Periplasmic flagella

Back 61

Internal flagellum enclosed in the space between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane.

Front 62

Fimbrea

Back 62

Small bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface. Allows tight adhesion between fimbre a and epithelial cells.

Front 63

Pilus/pili

Back 63

Used in the sharing of genetic material between cells

Front 64

Bacteria have:

Back 64

Single or few chromosomes

70s ribosomes

Peptidoglycan in cell walls

Fatty acids in cytoplasmic membrane

Front 65

Archaea have:

Back 65

Single/ circular chromosomes

70s ribosomes but structured similar to 80s

Hydrocarbons in cytoplasmic membrane

Protien synthesis similar to eukaryotes.

Front 66

Eukarya have:

Back 66

Multiple linear chromosomes

80s ribosomes

Fatty acids are cytoplasmic membrane lipids

Sterols present in membrane

Membrane bound organelles

Front 67

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Back 67

Comprehensive view of bacterial relatedness. Phenotypic information with rRNA sequencing.

Front 68

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

Back 68

Based entirely on phenotypic characteristics. Categorizes bactetia based on traits commonly assayed in clinical, teaching, and research labs.

Front 69

Gracilicutes

Back 69

Gram- with thin cell wall

Front 70

Firmicutes

Back 70

Gram+ with thick cell walls

Front 71

Ternicutes

Back 71

Lack a cell wall and are soft

Front 72

Mendosicutes

Back 72

Archaea, primitive cells with unusual cell walls and nutritional habbits.

Front 73

Species in terms of bacteria

Back 73

A collection of bacterial cells which all share an overall similar pattern of traits.

Front 74

Eukaryotic flagella

Back 74

Thicker x10, more complex, covered by extension of cell membrane

Front 75

Bacterial Flagella

Back 75

Simple, protrudes from cell wall.

Front 76

Fungi: Cell Wall

Back 76

Rigid/provides structural support and shape. Different chemical composition from prokaryotic cell walls.

Front 77

Protozoan: Glycocalyx

Back 77

Comes into direct contact with environment. Contributes to protection, adherence, and reception.

Front 78

Eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane

Back 78

Lipid bilateral with protien molecules embedded. Contains alot of Sterols. Selectively permeable. Sterols give rigidity to stabilize membrane.

Front 79

Prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane

Back 79

Lipid bilayer serves as site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, sythesis. Regulates transport of nutrients and wastes. Selectively permeable. Does not contian many sterols.

Front 80

Benifits of Fungi

Back 80

Decompose organic matter.

Form stable associations with plant roots and increase ability to absorb water and nutrients.

GMOed to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alchohol, organic acids and vitamins.

Front 81

Harmful Effects of Fungi

Back 81

Rot fresh produce during shipping

300 species cause human disease

Cause allergies

Produce deadly toxins

Front 82

General feature of fungal anatomy

MYCELIUM

Back 82

Woven intertwining mass of hyphae that make up the body of a colony or mold.

Front 83

General feature of fungal anatomy

Hyphae

Back 83

Long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi/molds. Cottony,hairy, velvety texture.

Front 84

General feature of fungal anatomy

Yeast Cells

Back 84

Colonies are bacteria-like, have a soft uniform texture and appearance.

Front 85

Asexual fungal spore formation

Back 85

Sporogenesis: formed by successive cleavage within a sac like head attached to a stalk.

Canidiospore: free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac. Develop either pinching of the tip.

Front 86

Sexual fungal spore formation

Back 86

The nature of sexual SF varies from simple fusion of fertile hyphae of two different strains to a complex union of differentiated male and female structures and the development of special fruiting structures.

Front 87

Protozoan Characteristics

Back 87

Catorigized together because of similar characteristics rather than genetic relatedness.

Single cells containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts.

Greek name from "first animales"

Front 88

Protozoan locomotion mechanisms

Back 88

Psuedopods (false feet)

Flagella

Cillia

Front 89

Cyst stage of protists

Back 89

The resistant, dormant stage of a cystoscope is triggered when environmental conditions are unfavorable. Important factor of the spread of disease.

Front 90

2 Major Groups of Helminths

Back 90

Flat worms: divided into cestodes and trematodes. Very thin segmented bodies.

Round Worms (Nematodes): elongated, cylindrical, non-segmented body.

Front 91

Helminths Life Cycle

Back 91

Fertilized egg-> larval-> adult stages

Helminths must complete the life cycle by transmitting an infective form. Usually an egg or larva to the body of another host.