Microbiology Ch. 14

Front 1

Pathology

Back 1

The scientific study of disease; 3 objectives: Pathogenesis, etiology, structural/functional changes caused on the body

Front 2

Pathogenesis

Back 2

The development of disease

Front 3

Etiology

Back 3

The study of the cause of a disease

Front 4

Infection

Back 4

Colonization of the body by pathogens

Front 5

Disease

Back 5

result of an infection, change from healthy state

Front 6

Normal microbiota

Back 6

permanently colonize the host

Front 7

Transient microbiota

Back 7

may be present for days, weeks, or months

Front 8

Symbiosis

Back 8

The relationship between normal microbiota and the host, one is dependent on the other

Front 9

Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)

Back 9

Normal microbiota prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms

Front 10

commensalism

Back 10

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected corynebacteria- surface of eye

Front 11

mutualism

Back 11

both organisms benefit, E coli- synthesis of vit. K

Front 12

parasitism

Back 12

one organism benefits at the expense of the other- Taenia saginata

Front 13

Probiotics

Back 13

Live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect

Front 14

opportunistic pathogens

Back 14

Do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment (e. coli)

Front 15

Normal microbiota protect the host by

Back 15

Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
Producing acids
Producing bacteriocins

Front 16

Prebiotics

Back 16

chemicals that promote growth of beneficial bacteria

Front 17

Koch’s Postulates

Back 17

The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseases host and grown in pure culture
The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

Front 18

Koch’s Postulates Exceptions

Back 18

Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
Some pathogens cause disease only in humans
Microbes have unique culture requirements

Front 19

Symptom

Back 19

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

Front 20

Sign

Back 20

A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Front 21

Syndrome

Back 21

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Front 22

Communicable disease

Back 22

A disease that is spread from one host to another

Front 23

Contagious disease

Back 23

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another

Front 24

Noncommunicable disease

Back 24

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

Front 25

Incidence

Back 25

Measurement of fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time.

Front 26

Prevalence

Back 26

Measurement of fraction of a population that have a specific disease at a given time.

Front 27

Sporadic disease

Back 27

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population

Front 28

Endemic disease

Back 28

Disease constantly present in a population: common cold

Front 29

Epidemic disease

Back 29

Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time: influenza

Front 30

Pandemic disease

Back 30

Worldwide epidemic: flu, AIDS

Front 31

Herd immunity

Back 31

Many immune persons in a community; vaccinations can protect individuals to halt the spread of disease.

Front 32

Acute disease

Back 32

Symptoms develop rapidly (flu)

Front 33

Chronic disease

Back 33

Disease develops slowly (mono)

Front 34

Subacute disease

Back 34

Symptoms between acute and chronic

Front 35

Latent disease

Back 35

Disease with a period of no symptoms, when the causative agent is inactive

Front 36

Local infection

Back 36

Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

Front 37

Systemic infection

Back 37

An infection throughout the body

Front 38

Focal infection

Back 38

Systemic infection that began as a local infection

Front 39

Sepsis

Back 39

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

Front 40

Bacteremia

Back 40

presence of bacteria in the blood

Front 41

Septicemia

Back 41

blood poisoning, growth & multiplication of bacteria in the blood, an example sepsis

Front 42

Toxemia

Back 42

Toxins in the blood (tetanus)

Front 43

Viremia

Back 43

Viruses in the blood

Front 44

Primary infection

Back 44

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

Front 45

Secondary infection

Back 45

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

Front 46

Subclinical disease

Back 46

No noticeable signs or symptoms, illness (inapparent infection) Poliovirus & hepatitis A virus- carried by people who never develop the disease

Front 47

predisposing factor

Back 47

makes body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease

Front 48

Incubation period

Back 48

interval between initial infection and first appearance of signs or symptoms

Front 49

Prodromal period

Back 49

short period following incubation, mild symptoms

Front 50

Period of illness

Back 50

Disease most severe, overt signs and symptoms

Front 51

Period of Decline

Back 51

signs and symptoms subside

Front 52

Period of Convalescence

Back 52

Person regains strength and the body returns to its prediseased state