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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pathology
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The scientific study of disease; 3 objectives: Pathogenesis, etiology, structural/functional changes caused on the body
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Pathogenesis
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The development of disease
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Etiology
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The study of the cause of a disease
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Infection
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Colonization of the body by pathogens
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Disease
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result of an infection, change from healthy state
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Normal microbiota
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permanently colonize the host
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Transient microbiota
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may be present for days, weeks, or months
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Symbiosis
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The relationship between normal microbiota and the host, one is dependent on the other
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Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)
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Normal microbiota prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
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commensalism
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one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected corynebacteria- surface of eye
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mutualism
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both organisms benefit, E coli- synthesis of vit. K
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parasitism
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one organism benefits at the expense of the other- Taenia saginata
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Probiotics
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Live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect
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opportunistic pathogens
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Do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment (e. coli)
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Normal microbiota protect the host by
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Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
Producing acids Producing bacteriocins |
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Prebiotics
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chemicals that promote growth of beneficial bacteria
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Koch’s Postulates
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The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseases host and grown in pure culture The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism |
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Koch’s Postulates Exceptions
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Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
Some pathogens cause disease only in humans Microbes have unique culture requirements |
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Symptom
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A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
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Sign
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A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
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Syndrome
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A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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Communicable disease
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A disease that is spread from one host to another
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Contagious disease
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A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
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Noncommunicable disease
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A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
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Incidence
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Measurement of fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time.
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Prevalence
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Measurement of fraction of a population that have a specific disease at a given time.
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Sporadic disease
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Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
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Endemic disease
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Disease constantly present in a population: common cold
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Epidemic disease
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Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time: influenza
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Pandemic disease
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Worldwide epidemic: flu, AIDS
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Herd immunity
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Many immune persons in a community; vaccinations can protect individuals to halt the spread of disease.
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Acute disease
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Symptoms develop rapidly (flu)
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Chronic disease
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Disease develops slowly (mono)
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Subacute disease
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Symptoms between acute and chronic
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Latent disease
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Disease with a period of no symptoms, when the causative agent is inactive
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Local infection
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Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
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Systemic infection
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An infection throughout the body
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Focal infection
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Systemic infection that began as a local infection
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Sepsis
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Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
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Bacteremia
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presence of bacteria in the blood
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Septicemia
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blood poisoning, growth & multiplication of bacteria in the blood, an example sepsis
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Toxemia
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Toxins in the blood (tetanus)
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Viremia
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Viruses in the blood
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Primary infection
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Acute infection that causes the initial illness
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Secondary infection
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Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
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Subclinical disease
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No noticeable signs or symptoms, illness (inapparent infection) Poliovirus & hepatitis A virus- carried by people who never develop the disease
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predisposing factor
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makes body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease
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Incubation period
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interval between initial infection and first appearance of signs or symptoms
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Prodromal period
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short period following incubation, mild symptoms
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Period of illness
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Disease most severe, overt signs and symptoms
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Period of Decline
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signs and symptoms subside
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Period of Convalescence
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Person regains strength and the body returns to its prediseased state
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