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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two types of microorganisms are Prokaryotes?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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List several ways in which microbes effect our lives
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-maintaining balance living organisms and chemicals
-making chemicals (i.e acetone), drugs, fibers, enzymes and alcohol -fermenting foods |
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What is a microbe or microorganism?
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minute living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
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What does the word "germ" mean?
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rapidly growing cell
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What does "pathogenic" mean?
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disease causing
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What two names are used in scientific nomenclature system of naming?
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Genus
specific epithet/species |
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How are scientific names written?
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Genus capitalized followed by specific epithet/species
-underlined or italicized |
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What are the 7 types of Microorganisms?
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Bacteria Algae
Archaea Viruses Fungi Protozoa/Protista Multicellular animal parasites |
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What does Prokaryotic mean?
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-Pre-nucleonic
-genetic material is not enclosed in a special membrane. |
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What does Eukaryotes mean?
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cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material (DNA)
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What are the 4 characteristics of Bacteria?
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-Prokaryotes
-Peptidoglycan cell walls -Binary fission -For energy, use organic or inorganic chemicals or photsynthesis |
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List the 3 properties of Archaea
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-Prokaryotic
-Lack peptidoglycan -Live in extreme enviroments, including; Methanogens, extrem halophiles (salt loving), extreme thermophiles |
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What are the 3 characteristics of Fungi
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-eukaryotes
-chitin cell walls -Use organic chemicals energy i.e. mold, mushrooms and Yeast |
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What are 3 characteristics of Protozoa (protisa)
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-Eurkaryotes
-absorb or ingest organic chemicals -may be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella |
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What are 4 characteristics of Algae
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eukaryotes
cellulose cell walls use photosynthesis for energy produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
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What 5 characteristics of viruses
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acellular
consist of dna or rna core core is surrounded by a protein coat coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope viruses are replicated only when they are in aliving host cell |
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What are characteristics of multicellular animal parasites
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eukaryotes
multiecellular animals microscopic stages in life cycles |
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What are 2 examples of helminths
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flatworms and roundworms
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What are the 3 domains of microorganisms
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bacteria
archea eukarya -protists -fungi -animals |
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Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?
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bacteria and archaea
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Which groups of microbes are eukaryoites
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fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses and multicellular animal parasites
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Who reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells and Cell Theory
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Robert Hooke
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Who suggested that cells were the basic unit of life
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Schwann and Schleiden
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Who said cells arise from preexisting cells
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Rudolf Virchow
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Who described live microorganisms
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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What is spontaneous generation
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the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms live
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What is biogenesis
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they hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life
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Redi did which experiment
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Maggots in jars, sealed, open and with fine screen
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John Needham preformed which experiment
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nutrient broth was heated then placed in a flask and sealed and microbes developed
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What evidence supported spontaneous generation
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John Needham's broth in covered flask experiment.
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Who's expirement disproved Needhams work and how
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Lazzaro Spallanzani-placed nutrient broth in sealed flask then heated and no microbial growth occured
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How did Pasteur's work differ from previous nutrient broth flask experiments
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S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in
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What is fermentation
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the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
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What is pasteurization
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the application of a high heat for a short time.
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Name 3 contributions made by Louis Pasteur and his work
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-proving biogenesis
-assigned microbial cause to fermentation -pasteurization |
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What is the Germ Theory of Disease
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microbes in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
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Who started treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution to prevent the spread of disease and surgical wound infections
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Joseph Lister
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Who created the first vaccine
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Edward Jenner
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What was the first vaccine
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smallpox using cowpox virus
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What are Koch's postulates
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prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
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Who speculated a "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host?
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Paul Erlich
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What drug did Erlich develop
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Salvarsan-a synthetic arsenic drug used to treat syphilis
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Who discoved the first antibiotic
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Alexander Fleming
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What is bacteriology
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the study of bacteria
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What is Mycology
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the study of fungi
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What is Virology
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the study of viruses
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What is Parasitology
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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
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What is immunology
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The study of immunity
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Who classified some bacteria according to seotypes
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Rebecca Lancefield
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What is Microbial genetics
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the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
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What is Genomics
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The study of an organism's genes; has provided the new tools for classifying microorganisms
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What is molecular biology
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the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
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What is Genomics
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The study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
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What is Recombinant DNA
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DNA made from two different sources
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Who showed genes encode a cell's enzymes
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum
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Which 3 people showed that DNA was the hereditary material
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Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty
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Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
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Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
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Who demonstrated maggots only appeared on meat exposed to flies
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Fransisco Redi
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Who made the association between silkworm disease and a fungus
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Bassi
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Who originated a system of scientific nomenclature (Genus species)
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Linnaeus
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Who is the father of the 3 domain system
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Woese
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Who was the first to crystallize a virus
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Stanley
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Who devised a classification system for streptococci based on an immunological system of serotypes
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Rebecca Lancefield
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Who decreased OB ward infections through hand washing
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Semmelweis
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Who participated in the determining structure in DNA
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Crick
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Who first demonstrated that genetic info could be exchanged between bacteria by conjugation
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Lederburg
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Who spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA
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Berg
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Who observed viruses are filterable
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Iwanowski
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Who used bacteria to produce acetone
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Weizmann
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What is Microbial ecology
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The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment, including plants and/or animals.
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What is bioremediation
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process that uses bacteria to remove toxins from underground wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites and oil spills.
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What is biotechnology
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the use of microbes to produce foods, chemicals
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What is gene therapy
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inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective on in human cells
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What is microbiota
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normal microbes (flora) found on and in our bodies
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What is biofilm
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complex aggregation (groups) of microbes
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Define infectious disease
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disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host such as humans or an animal
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Whats the difference between emerging and reemerging diseases
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Emerging-new
Reemerging-coming back |
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What is a prion
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an infectious protein
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