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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
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A normal inhabitant of the oral cavity, infection can be assoc with dental procedures, with formation of lesions that erupt through the face with a purulent discharge.
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Actinomycetes israelii- diagnosis is by finding sulfur granules= tangles of filaments of organisms wrapped in a matrix of calcium phosphate, imparting a yellow (sulfur) color to the abscess and discharge.
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The most sever for of this diesease resutls from the inhalation of spored with medistinitis , pulmonary edema and hemorrhage (Woolsorter's disease)
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Bacillas anthracis- can occur as an occuplational disease of textile or agricultral personnel resulting from contact with infected hides or wool; recently, it has gained attn as an agent of biowarfare and bioterrorism.
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Causes gastroenteritis and is typically assoc with the consumption of reheated rice.
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B. Cereus - rapid emesis or diarrhea is asso with an enterotoxin that increases cAMP and is produced by the organism as it germinates.
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Disease can be due to the ingestion of prefrmed toxin in home- canned foods or by the ingestion of spores in honey by an infant
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C. Botulinum, symptoms include flaccid paralysis, dry mouth, diplopia, dysphagia and resp failure.
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Assoc. with the use of broad- spectrum anti and the overgrowth of toxin- producing bacteria
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C. difficile, results in pseudomembraneous colitis and is also a major nosocomial disease
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Causes gas gangrene and is often assoc with automobile and motorcycle accidents
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C. perfringens, spores are abundant in soil and germinate in wounds; tx includes surgical debridement, antibiotics, and hyperbaric o2
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Infection is assoc with traumatic inoculation of spores that germinate and produce a toxin that causes a spastic paralysis
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C. tetani, the organism looks like a long rod with a dilated terminal end containing a spore that resembles a tennis racquet
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infection is assoc with traumatic inoculation of spores that germinate and produce a toxin that causes a spastic paralysis.
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Clostridium tetani, the organism looks like a long rod with a dilated terminal end contatins a spore that resembles a tennis racquet.
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Can cause risus sardonicus the characteristic grimace of lockjaw
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Clostriudium tetani, tx includes the use of antitoxins produced in horses or hyperimmunized humans, and antispasmodices such as benzo's
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Causes grey pseudomembranes on the back of the throat
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Corynebacterium diptheriae, organisms often viewed in a "chinese-letter" config
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A common cause of nosocomial infections, this organism is often resistant to many antibiotics including vanco
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Enteroccocus spp, common cause of urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis and endocarditis
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Cause of fishy smelling vaginal discharge
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Gardnella vaginalis, histologically characterized by the prescence of "clue cells", vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, seen on a pap smear
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As the dominant organism of normal vaginal flora, its metabolism helps maintain the low pH of the vagina
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Lactobacillus spp. the lactic acid produced helps prevent the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms; with the use of broad spectrum antibiotics, such acid- producing flora is lost, allowing for overgrowth of pathogenic species
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The cause of late onset neonatal sepsis is a facultative intracellular parasite that spreads from cell to cell via actin rockets.
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Listeria monocytogenes, this organism can be detected as short non spore forming rods with a tumbling end over end motility
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As well as being gram positive, this organism is also weakly acid fast and causes a pneumonia predominantly in immuno compromised patients
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Nocardia asteroides, this aerobic bacteria with filamentous growth is a common soil organism)
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Part of the microbial flora of the skin, this bacilli contributes to the development of acne
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Propionibacterium acnes, the organism produces lipases that split fatty acids that cause inflammation, resulting in the formation of comeodones.
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A major cause of acute bacterial endocarditis esp in IV drug users.
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Stap aureus, unlike subacute bacterial endocarditis, this organism can cause infection of undamaged heart valves typically on the right side (tricuspid), in IV drug users.
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A major cause of abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles, and other skin infections such as impetigo
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Staph aureus, this beta-hemolytic cocci grows in grape- like clusters, produces coagulase, and grows in culture as yellowish cultures.
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Part of the NF of the skin, it causes infection of IV lines and catheters' it is a major cause of endocarditis in pts with prosthetic heart valves
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Staph epidermidis, similar to staph aureus, but grows as white colonies does not produce coagulase, does not ferment mannitol, and does not produce protein A
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The 2nd leading cause of uti in sexually active women
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Staph saprophyticus, differentiated from stap epidermidis by tis ability to ferment mannitold and its resistance to novobiocin
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An imp cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis
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Strep agalactiae (group B), this beta hemolytic, bacitracin-resistant cocci is a normal inhabitant of the female genital tract and can be acquired during vaginal delivery
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A major cause of dental caries
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Strep mutans, a member of the viridans group, it is also aplha hemolytic and optochin- resistant.
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Lancet- shaped diplococci found in a rusty brown sputum,
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Strep pneumoniae causes greater than 90% of all causes of lobar pnuemonia)
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The use of a quellung reaction helps differentiate btw the 85 different capsular subtypes.
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Strep pneumoniae, this alpha hemolytic, optochin- sensitive bile soluble coccus grows on sheep red blood cell agar, the vaccine contains at least 23 of these subtypes.
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infection results in rheumatic fever.
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Strep pyogenes (group A), characterized by a constellation of sx including migratory polyarthritis, ertyhema marginatum,pancarditis, sydenham chorea, and subcutaneous nodules.
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A major cause of pharyngitis, infection can also result in other suppurative sx such as erysipelas, cellulitis and impetigo
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Strep Pyogenes (Group A), infection with this beta hemolytic, bacitracin- sensitive cocci can be serodiagnosed with the detection of host antibodies to bacterial DNase B and anti- streptolysin O (ASO)
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Infection can lead to the development of acute glomerulonephritis and mitral and aortic stenosis.
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Strep pyogenes (Gorup A), immunocomplex deposition in the kidney visualized by "lumpy bumpy" immunofluorescence; cross- reactive antibodies to have bacteria result in autoimmune destruction of the heart valves.
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Leading cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis
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Streptococcus viridans, this alpha hemolytic, optochin- resistant coccis is part of NF of the human pharynx
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Chronic exposure to this group of organisms leads tot he development of hyper sensitive pneumonitis, including Farmer's Lung, Pigeon breeder's Lung and Humidifier Lung
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Thermophilic actinomycetes, exposure causes an immunologically mediated intersitial fibrosis, bronchiolitis and granuloma formation with progressive respiratory failure and cyanosis.
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The organism is detected as PAS+ve rods within the macrophages of the lamina propria of the small intestine
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Tropheryma whippeli, the causative agent of whipple's disease that results in abdominal pain, malabsorption with diarrhea and weight loss, and a migratory polyarthritis.
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Predominant organism in the human colon
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Bacteriodes fragilis, most often the cuase of serious anaerobic infection
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Leading cause of UTI's and is gram negative
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E.Coli, other major causes of uti's include: proteus, serratia, enterococci, klebsiella, pseudomonas, and staph sapro
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Causes Traveler's diarrhea, and is also a major cause of death in children of devloping nations
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E Coli, enterogenic strain produces a heat stable and heat labile toxin that cuases an explosive watery diarrhea with cramping, abdominal discomfort and dehydration
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This zoonotic organism can be transmitted by the bite of a deerfly or tick, or through handling or consuming rabbit products which are teh reservoir, gram negative
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Franscicella Tularensis, infection canr result in necrotic ulcers at the site of entry; conjuctiva,(oculoglandluar), mouth( typhoidal), or lungs (penumonic tularemia)m with disseminated granulomatous lesions of the lung, spleen and liver
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Organism closely assoc with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
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H. pylori, also assoc with an increase in the development of gastric carcinoma and MALToma
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A STI disease results in painful necrotizing genital ulcers (Chancroid)
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Haemophilis ducreyi, infection in the US is rare, most infections occur in the tropics; painless ulcer= T. pallidum
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Infections with this coccobacillus causes epiglottitis, otitis media in children, sinusitis, meningitis and pneumonia in older pt with chronic resp disease
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Haemophillus infleunza, growth in culture of this organsim requires factor V(hemin) and Factor X(NAD) found in chocolate agar media
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Formerly a leading cause of infection in children, the incidence of infection has dramatically decreased with the intro of a vaccine Gram negative
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Haemophilus influenza, vaccine is composed of the capsular material, polyribitol phosphate (PRP), conjugated to dipth toxin)
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Major cause of aspiration pneumonia in alcoholics, Gram negative
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Klebsiella pneumoniae, organism produces a large antiphagocytic capsule, giving it a mucoid app and producing a thick, bloody, "currant-jelly" sputum)
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Paired Kidney bean shaped diplococci within leukocytes in a urethral discharge
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae, diff from N. Meningitids, based on its ability to ferment glucose and maltose, whereas N. gonnorrhoease ferments glucose only.
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Leading cause of septic arthitis, Gram negative.
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Neisseria gonorrhea, typically present as monoarticular arthritis of the knee, ankle or wrist after a bout of urethritis
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Infection of a neonate passing though an infected brith canal results in opthalmia neonatorum and purulent conjunctivitis
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae, babies born in the US receive a req admin of tetracycline, erthyro or silver nitrate drops to prevent this
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Sexually transmitted disease that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease that teh predisposes to ectopic pregnancy, gram negative
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the 2nd most common notifiable disease in the US
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Leading cause of meningitis among military recruits and dormitory settings, gram negative
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Neisseria meningitidis, pts with def in the complement components C6-9, " the MAC" are particularly susceptible to infection
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Septicemia results form this organism can result in progressive hypotension, DIC, coagualtion, widespread vascular purpura and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage
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Neisseria meningitidis, the shock and adrenocortical insuf of Waterhouse- Friedricheson Syndrome, is rapidly fatal w/out antibiotic tx.
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This organism is transmitted through the bite of a domestic cat or dog and can result in an abscess, cellulitis and osteomylitis
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Pasteurella multicoda, short encapsulated, bipolar staining organism is part of the nasopharyngeal flora of a domestic dogs and cats
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Urease positive, organism that causes and alkaline urine predisposing tot he formation of urinary calculi
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Proteus spp. (P. mirabilis, and P. vulgaris, these highly motile organisms are often refractory to antibiotic therapy they often become trapped within stones
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Major cause of pneumo in burn patients and CF Pt.s that is gram negative
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, this obligate aerobe, requires only trace elements for growht and is a major cause of nosocomial infections because it colonizes aspirators, water and ice dispensers, catheters, IV lines and even dilute disinfectant solutions
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Infection can result in folliculites, swimmer;s ear, pneumonia, and sepsis with the developmetn of characteristic skin lesions, Ecthyma gangrenosum
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the organism grows well in water, esp in inadequetly chlorinated hot tubs; culture resutls in green colonies resulting from pigments pyoverdin and pyocanin, with a characteristic fruity odor
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Cause of self limiting entero colitis, assoc with the consumption of eggs and poultry that is contaminated, gram negative
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Salmonella enteritidis, highly motile organism, req large infectious dose, distinguishes it from shigella spp.
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Causes an enteric fever with the development of characteristic "rose spots" on the abdomen, gram negative
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Salmonella typhi, after recovery, small % of pts may become carriers because the organisms colonize the gallbladder, a state that may require cholecystectomy
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Organism is a CC of nosocomial infections' some strains produce a red pigment
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Serratia marcescens, causes pneumo, bacteremia, endocardi, and is often multi drug resistant
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Infection witha small dose of organ results in dysentary that is only trans among humans with no animal reservoir
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Shigella dysenteriae, bloody, mucoid, low volume diarrhea, can result in life threatening dehydr and acidosis and is often assoc with insanitary conditions
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Major cause of secretory diarrhea with life threatening dehy, particularly in developing nations
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Vibrio cholera, comma shaped rods, wiht a polar flagellum, adhere to the intestinal mucosa and elaborate an exotoxin, but never invade
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Causes nausea, cramping and is assoc with the consumption of raw shellfish.
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Vibrio parahemo, although this free-living salt bacteria is related to v. cholera sx are much milder.
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Transmitted by the bite scratch or lick of an infected cat resultin in low grade fever and a characterisic enlargement of lymph nodes for several weeks
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Bartonella henselae, this si the causative agent of catch scratch disease; infection of an immuno compromised pt can result in bacillary angiomatosis, cranberry like pustules resembling kaposi sarcoma
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Causes a paroxysmal cough ending with an insp "whoop" as air rushes over the swollen glottis
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Bordatella pertussis, the vaccine includes the purified virulence factors filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertussis toxoid, and is admin at 2,4,6, and 18 months, along with vaccine for C. diptheriae, and C. difficile in the DaPT vaccine
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Transmitted by contaminate livestock and unpasteurized dairy products, infection results in a fever that rises in the morning and falls at night (undulant fever)
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Brucella sp. granulomatous infection invades the reticuloendothelial cells of lymph nodes, liver spleen and bone marrow
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Endemic to tropical nations, this sex transmitted organism results in granulomatous genital ulcers (pseudobuboes), with the potential for autoamputation of genitalia
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Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, dx based on finding intracellular organisms aggregated as " donovani bodies"
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CC of bloody diarrhea, particularly in children in close contact with puppies and kittens, which serves as reservoirs
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Campylobacter jejuni, rod shaped organisms, appear as "gull wing" shaped with colonies with a single flagellum
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Causes a bloody diarrhea and is assoc with the consumption of undercooked meat and dairy products.
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E.Coli O157:H7, this dysentary- like condition is due to the elaboration of verotoxins similar to shiga toxin that causes cytotoxicity to the colonic mucosa
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Infection may result in hemorrhagic colitis progressing to the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
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E.Coli (O157H5), HUS is characterized by acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia in children
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Rodents are the reservoir for this organism transmitted by the bite of a flea, resulting in the plague
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Yersnia pestis, transmission is also possible btw humans in the case of the pneumonic plague
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Infection can result in pustules and enlargement of draining lymph nodes that rupture the skin to form buboes.
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Yersnia pestis, this organism displays bipolar stating resulting in a safety pin appearance.
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Late stages of infection may lead to a severe autoimmune arthritis, life- threatening heart block and facial nerve palsy
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Borrelia Burgdorferi, the vaccine has recently become available for this organism, to prevent development of Lyme disease.
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Transmitted by the ixodes tick bite that results in a characteritic bull's eye lesion (Erythema chronicum migricans)
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Borrelia Burddorferi, infection occurs mainly in the Northeast during the summer months, when the deer tick(Ixode) is found.
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Transmitted by the human body louse, this organism causes relapsing fever
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Borrelia recurrentis, causes a febrile disease that fades as ab develop and relapses as the organism undergoes antigenic variation of its variable major protein.
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Prev known as the TWAR agent, it is a common cause of sore throats and interstitial pneumonia.
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Chylamydia pneumoniae, as with all chylamdial species it exists as either elementary bodies, the infectious form, or as intracellular reticular bodies, the metabolically active form
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Causes an interestitial type pneumonia and is assoc with exposure to parrots and parakeets and other domestic birds
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Chylamydia psittiaci, the causative agent of psittacosis, transmitted by birds of the psitacine family; a similar disease, Ornithosis, is also seen upon exposure to other birds such as pigeons, ducks and chickens)
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The cause of keratoconjunctivititis results in corneal scarring and is the most cc of blindness worldwide
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Chylamdia trachomatic, id divided into serovars based on serology and symptomatology;in this case, the path is due to C. trachomatis A,B and C
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This organism is the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial disease, resulting in urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis and neonatal conjunctivitis
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Chlamydia trachomatis, infection ina demale can progress to PID, resulting in the potential for ectopic pregnancy or sterility.
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This organism is closely assoc with the development of conjunctivitis, urethritis and arthritis (Reiter's syndrome)
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Chlamydia ttrachomatis, this autoimmune phenomenon resulting from cross reactive antigens btw the organism and affected tissue is asso with HLA-B27)
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Causes Lymphogranuloma venereum, characterized by nodules and vesicles on the genitals, venereal buboes, and elephatiasis of the genitals with rectal strictures.
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Chylamydia trachomatis, results from infection of the most invasive serovars L1, L2 and L3, this sexually transmitted disease progresses through primary, secondary and tertiary stages.
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Causes Q fever, an interstitial pneumonia, resulting from the inhalation of the organism
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Coxiella burnetii, unlike other rickettsial disease, this organism is not transmitted by the bite of an arthropod, does not cause a rash and cannot be detected by the classical serologic test for Ricketssia, the Weil Felix test
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This organism grows in warm, moist environments (contaminated air conditioner systems) and causes a potential life- threatening pneumonia in pts with lung disease
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Legionella pneumophila, this organism often visualizedwith Dieterle silver stain, also causes a less severe from of pneumonia as pontiac fever
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One of the most common opportunistic bacterial infections in AIDS pts.
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, this disease presents similarly to TB and is acq from soil, birds or othr animals.
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Infection results in the destruction of skin and crtilage, resulting in leonine fascies and limb deformities.
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Mycobacterium leprae, or Hensen disease, presents as a spectrum btw two extremes, from tuberculoid leprosy assoc with good prognosis to lepromatous leprosy, in which numerous acid fast bacillli are stuffed in macrophages= Lepra cells
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Infection results in the destruction of peripheral nerves, resulting in anesthesia followed by atrophy and autoamputation
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Mycobacterium leprae, this acid-fast bacilli has a long generation time, approx 13 days, and cannot be cultivated in teh lab.
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Primary infection results in subpleural parenchymal lesions and enlarged caseous lymph nodes (Ghon complex) and reactivation can result in cavitary lesions in the upper lung lobes.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dx confirmed by finding acid-fast bacilli in the sputum that take several weeks to grow.
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The classic presentation of infections with this prganism includes fever, night sweats, fatigue and weight loss
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, presents similarly to other granulomatous infections such as histoplasmosis or coccidioidomycosis
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Infection can result in the involvement of vertebrae (Pott disease) with spread to form a psoas abscess and in immunocompromised pts overwhelming miliary dissemination.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although rare in the US, incidences of infections are increasing in immunocompromised pts and urban populations with high incidence of multidrug resistant strains
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Immunization employs the use of Bacillus Calmette Guerin(BCG), one of the only live attenuated bacterial vaccines available.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the test for exposure to TB involves infection of a small amt of partially purified derivative(PPD) and detecting a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction; recp of the vaccine (an attenuated strain of M. bovis) have a +ve PPD
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A prominent cause of community- acquired pneumonia, sx normally include a hacking nonproductive cough(atypical pneumonia)
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae, one of the smallest free living bacteria, has no cell wall, and causes an interstital inflam rather than intra alveolar exudates.
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Causes "Walking pneumonia" with the potential to develop a self limiting hemolytic anemia
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Mycoplasma pneumoniare, untreated pts develop IgM autoantibodies to red blood cells, termed acute cold agglutinins
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Assoc with overcrowding and transmitted by the human body louse, this organism causes Epidemic typhus.
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Rickettsia prowazekii, characterized by extreme fever, myalagias, and a rash; a less severe form of the disease, Endemic typhus results from Rickettsia typhi
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Transmitted by ticks, infection results in a petechial rash with involvement of the palms and soles.
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Rickettsis rickettsii, the causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever is an obligate intracellular organism seen with Giemsa staining; despite its name, it is endemic to the eastern US.
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Transplacental infection can result in a triad of interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson teeth and 8th cranial nerve deafness
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Treponema pallidum, infection results in osteochondritis, and periostitis and contributing as well to other defects such as destruction of the vomer, leading to a saddle nose deformity; other bone defects include mulberry molars and saber shin deformities
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Long term consequences of untreated disease include tabes dorsalis and aneurysms of the ascending aorta
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Treponema pallidum, tertiary syphillis can lead to paresis and is the leading cause of aneurysms, of the ascending aorta with a characteristic tree- barking appearance.
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The disease can manifest with a maculopapular rash on the palms and soles, and condyloma lata
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Treponema pallidum, secondary syphillis presents with a rash and gray flattened wart like lesions on the anogenital, axillary, and oral areas; these condyloma lata are not to be confused with condyloma accuminatum seen with HPV infection
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Initial infection presents with a painless ulcer on the genitals known as a chancre
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Treponema pallidum, the characteristic lesion of primary syphilis is highly contagious and contains numerous spirochetes viewed by dark field light microscopy or by immunofluorescent microscopy
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Pts. with SLE are often +ve for serologic tests for this organism even if not infected (biologic false positive)
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Treponema pallidum, screening test like the rapid plasma reagin or Venereal Disease Research Lab(VDRL) are based on finding ab to cardiolipin, which pts with SLE make; the most specefic test in the fluorescent treponemal antibody(FTA-ABs) test)
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The organism is exquisitely sensitive to penicillins; tx can result in rash, fever and hypotension (Jarish- Herxheimer reaction)
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Treponema pallidum, tx resultsin rapid death of the organism with release of toxic products that cause symtoms that can be relieved by anti inflam agents.
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This organism that lacks a cell wall is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections
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Ureaplasma urealyticumm related to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infection is assoc wiht the development of urinary calculi
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Produces a trivalent exotoxin composed of protective antigen, edema factor and lethal factor
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Bacillus anthracis, protective antigen mediates cell binding, edema factor is a secreted adenylate cyclase, and lethal factor causes CNS depression
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One of the virulence factors of this organism is an antiphagocytic capsule composed of D-glutamic acid
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Bacillus anthracis although typically composed of polysaccarides, other organisms, with unique capsular components include sialic acid in strep agalactie and hyaluronic acid in Pasteurella multiocida
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Produces a typical AB toxin that catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ to the inhibitory G protein subunit(Gi)
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Bordetella pertussis, interference of G protein- coupled receptors such as those employed by chemokines results in significant lymphocytosis; other virulence factors include filamentous hemagglutinin and tracheal cytotoxin
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Produces an exotoxin that blocks the release of Ach at the Nmj
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C. botulinum, tx includes the use of an antitoxin produced in horses, with the possibility of serum sickness
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The toxin produced by this organism can be used in minute amts to treat dystonia's, strabismus and wrinkles
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C. botulinum, toxin causes a flaccid paralysis of the injected muscles
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Produces an ab toxin that ADP ribosylates the small GTP binding protein Rho
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C. difficile results in the depolymerizatoin of the cytoskeleton with necrosis of teh colonic epithelium
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Produces a lecithinase and hyaluronidase that results in cellulitis and myonecrosis
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C. perfringens, the lecinthinase can demonstrated by culturing on egg yolk agar; normally the organism produces a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar.
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The toxin elaborated by this organism inhibits the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters, GABA, and glycine, resulting in a spastic paralysis
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C. tetani, the DaPT vaccine includes the highly immunogenic tetanus toxoid; a booster is recommended every 10 yrs and also after a puncture wound
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A virulence factor produced by these two organisms is a typical AB toxin that catalyzes the transfer of ADP - ribose from NAD+ to elongation factor-2
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Corynebacterium diptheria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ADP ribosylation of EF-2 elongation factor 2, results in the inhibition of protein synthesis and death of the cell.
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Produces a heat labile toxin, Sta, that stimulates the production of cGMP, with similar effects to those of increase cAMP
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Enterotoxigenic E.Coli, in addition, the organism produces a STb toxin that is cyclic nucleotide independant.
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Virulence factor found in the outer leaflet of the cell wall of gram- negative organisms
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), composed of Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and O antigen, LPS leads to activation of macrophages with the relase of IL1 with teh development of DIC and septic shock
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The virulence factors assoc with this organism include the ability to grow intracellularly and the production of cord factor
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Mycobacterium tb cord factor is thought to contribute to the formation of granulomas
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Produces a toxin that irreversibly inactivates the 60s ribosomal subunit with the cessation of protein synthesis and cell death
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Shigella dysenteriea, toxins similar to shiga toxin are produced by enterohemorrhagic E.coli and are known as verotoxins.
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Produces exfoliant toxin
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Staph aureus, the toxin causes an exfoliative dermatitis, scalded skin sydrome that produces as a sunburn- like rash
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Produces Toxic shock syndrome toxin
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Staph aureus, toxic shock syndrome, assoc with the use f suberabsorbent tampons, results from the production of this toxin, which causes polyclonal activation of T cells through antigen- independant activation of the T cell receptor
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Protein A is a major factor of ..
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Staph aureus binds to the Fc region of an antibody, preventing complement fixation and phagocytosis
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Produces erythrogenic toxin resulting in scarlet fever
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Strep pyogenes (Group A) erythrogenic toxin is a phage encoded superantigen that cause athe rash often accomanying pharyngitis
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The three major pyogens for which a polysach capsule is the major virulence factor
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Strep pneumo, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, the capsule prevents opsonization by host cell immunoglobulins
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M antigen is the most virulent factor
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strep pyogenes
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Produces an ABtoxin that transfers ADP-robose from Nad+to teh stimulatory G rpotein subunit(Gs)
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Vibrio Cholerae, similar to labile extoxin of Ecoli, increase in cAMP, with hypersecretion of Cl- and HCO3- with the osmotic reflex of up to 30L of water/day
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Produces a toxin that results in liver damage upon ingestion of wild mushrooms
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Amanita species, may result in life threatening fumlinant hepatitis, req liver transport
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Produces carcinogen aflotoxin and is a common contminant of moldy nuts and grains
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Aspergillus favus, aflatoxins contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma and act synergistically with HBV to promote carcinoma and act synergistically with HBV to promote carcinogenesis
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Proliferation of this organism within the lung causes a "fungus ball" that must be removed surgically.
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Aspergillus fumigatus, microscopically the organism grows as septate hyphae, branching at 45degrees angles
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Although an opportunistic mycosis, it can cause hypersensitivity penumonitits such as Farmer's Lung
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Aspergillus fumigatus, resulting from inhalation of moldy hay
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Systemic mycosis that begins as lower resp tract infection and may disseminate to cause warty like skin lesions
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Blastomyces dermatitdis, results in granulomatous lung lesions similar to tuberculosis; may also result in granulomatorus lung lesions similar to tb; may also result in skeletal and genitourinary manifestations
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systemic mycosis endemic to the southeastern US
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Blastomyces dermatitidis, fungi appears in infected tissue as yeast with broad based budding
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Causes a cottage cheese like vaginal discharge
|
Candida albicans, predisposing factors inclue immunosuppresion, diabetes, obesity and the use of broad spectrum antibiotics
|
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Causes white curd like patches on the mucocutaneous membranes of the mouth and extend downward to cause esophagitis in immunocompr patients
|
Candida albicans, in addition to causing thrush, C albican is a common cause of tinea unguium (fungal infection of the nails) and diaper rash
|
|
Most common mycotic pathogen
|
Candida albicans, although a yeast, it can form pseudohyphae in infected tissue and form characteristic germ tubes at 37 degrees C under lab conditions
|
|
Systemic mycosis endemic to the San Joaquin Valley in southern Cali
|
Coccidioides immitus, causes "valley fever" characterized by arthralagias, cough and fever
|
|
Found with infected tissue as spherules that rupture to release endospores
|
Coccidioides immitis, dimorphic fungi with contraction of infection by inhalation if arthrospores in the sand and soil
|
|
The only mycotic pathogen with a capsuler
|
Cryptococcus neoformans, visualized with an indian ink test; capsule excludes ink, providing contrast
|
|
Causes menigitis in pts with underlying immuno def esp in AIDS
|
Cryptococcus neoformans, asso with pigeon droppings, this fungus grows iwthin the Virchow robin vascular spaces of the brain, resulting in "soap bubble lesions"
|
|
Causes cutaneous infections such as tinea corporis, tinea cruris jock itch and tinea pedis, athlete's foot
|
Dermatophytes, typically caused by genera trichophyton spp. and result in scaly hypo or hyperpigemented annular pruritic lesions
|
|
Assoc with inhalation of spores from bird or bat droppings in the Ohio and mississippi river valley
|
Histoplasma capsulatum, histo characterized by macrophages stuffed numerous yeast cells
|
|
Most common pulm mycotic infection with sx ranging from asymptomatic to tb like sx
|
Histoplasma capsulatum, in immunocompetent individuals, infection often resolves, with calcification of hilar lymph nodes.
|
|
Causes tinea versicolor, which manifests as patches of hyper and hypopigmentation on the trunk
|
Malassezia furfur, found in skin scales and has a characterisitc spaghetti and meat balls appearance, yeast clusters and short, curved septate hyphae
|
|
MC cause of tinea capitis, ringworm of the scalp
|
Microsporium canis, common in prepubescent children with pets
|
|
Results in rhinocerebral disease, primar in pts with diabetic ketoacidosis or leukemia
|
Mucor and Rhizipus spec. distinct from other human fungal pathogens in that these spes cause disease in their sexual life cycle and display nonseptate hyphae branching at a 90 degree angle or wider
|
|
This organism grows as multiple budding yeasts that appear as a "captain's wheel" and causes disease almost exclusively in men.
|
Paracoccidioides brazilense, this granulotmatous lung disease occurs primarily in central and south america wiht greater than 90% of cases seen in males.
|
|
Causes an alveolar penumonia, typically in AIDS pts.
|
Pneumocystis carinii, causes foamy, amorphous, alveolar exudates and is seen as cup or boat shaped cysts upon staining with silver methenamine,
|
|
Causes the mc subcutaneous mycosis, rose handler's disease,
|
Sprorothorix schenckii, transmitted by the prick of a contaminated thorn, treated wiht a dilute solution of KI in milk
|
|
Transmitted by the same tick as the that which carries Lyme disease, infection results in similar manifestation as malaria
|
Babesia microti, often mistaken for P. Falciparum, the organism can be detected in RBC's as a "maltese cross" which is dx
|
|
Causes a self limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals or life threatening intractable diarrhea in AIDS pts.
|
Cryptosporidium parvum, infection is assoc with the consumption of water contaminated with infected animal feces
|
|
Dissemination to the liver can result in abscess formation with a characterisitc anchovy paste aspirate
|
Entamoeba histolytica, can form anoeboma wiht the potential for penetration of the serosa and peritonitis
|
|
CC of amebic dysentary, infection leads to the fromation fo flask shaped ulcers in the colonic mucosa
|
Entamoeba histolytica, the finding of trophozoites with ingested RBC's is pathognomonic)
|
|
The only common pathogenic protozoa of the small intestine
|
Giardia lamblia, a heart shaped symmetrical trophozoite with two nuclei, four pairs of flagella and a large sucking disk for adh to the mucosal surface
|
|
Causes flatulence and diarrhea with steatorrhea and the production of bulky greasy foul smelling stool
|
Giardia lamblia, infection is more common among day0 care children campers consuming contaminated stream water, and homosexuals engaging in oral- anal contact
|
|
Infection with diff spec results in dermal mucocutaneous and visceral forms of the disease
|
Leishmania spp. dermal leishmaniasis is due to L tropica, the mucocutaenous form is due to L. Braziliensis, and the most sever form, visceral leishmaniasis, due to L. donovani and care result in skin hyperpigmentation or Kala-azar
|
|
Transmitted by the sandfly, the amastigote stage survives and multiplies within macrophages
|
Leishmania spp. the only protozoan parasite capable of replication withing the paholysosomes of reitculoendothelial cells
|
|
Free living flagellated ameoba, acq by swimming in freshwater ponds causing a fulminant menigo encephalitis wiht death within a week
|
Naegleria fowleri, free living amoebum, acanthamoeba castellani, causes less severe disease, typically limited to corneal ulceration
|
|
Blackwater fever
|
Plasmodium falciparum, seen in P. falci malaria, in which infected cells are abnormally adherant and cause thrombosis and ischemia wiht hemolyis resulting in hemoglobinuria
|
|
Transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito with infection if RBC's and hepatocytes
|
Plasmodium spp. an obligate intracellular parasite plasmodium is typically seen as ring or crescent shaped forms within RBC on a Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear
|
|
Some resistance to infection is provided to pts whiht sickle cell disease trait/ glucose 6 phosphate dehydrog defy and thalassemia
|
Plasmodium spp. sx of malari include cyclic fevers every 48 hrs- p. falciparum, every 72hr= P. malariae, headache, anemia
|
|
Exposure of nonimmune mothers results in fetal transmission with the potential for still birth and intracerebral calcifications
|
Toxoplasma gondii, infection may be acq from cysts in raw or undercooked meat or aerosolization of infected cat feces from litter boxes
|
|
Usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent indiv, infection in an AIDS pt can result in fulminant, life threatening encephalitis
|
Toxoplasma gondii, visualized radiographically as a ring enhancing mass on CT scan, other ring enhancing masses include cerebral abscess and Glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
A cc of vaginitis, it often presents with vulvo vaginal pruritus with a profuse frothy discharge
|
Trichomonas vaginalis, causes strawberry mucosa, spotty reddening and edema of the affected mucosa
|
|
Identified as pear shaped flagellated trophozoites with undulating movements on a wet mount slide of vaginal or urethral discharge
|
Trichomonas vaginalis, typicall a std growth is assoc with an abnormally alkaline pH of the vagina
|
|
Transmitted by the tsetse fly, this protozoa causes African sleeping sickness, characterized by cyclic fevers, encephalitis, slurred speech and somnolence
|
Trypanosoma brucei, organism evades the immune system by genetic rearrangement of its variable surgace glycoprotein
|
|
Can destroy the myenteric plexus, resuting in mega esophagus and megacolon
|
Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by the droppings of the reduvid bug " kissing bug" often with inital developemnt, of unilateral swelling of the eyelids, Romana's sign
|
|
A major cause of heart disease in Central and South America
|
Trypanosoma cruzi, acute forms of Chagas disease lead to direct invasion of the myocardium with inflam; the chronic forms of disease involve autoimmune destruction with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy with life- threatening arrythmias
|
|
Migration of larval nematodes below the skin results in serpiginous urticarial trails on the skin ( creeping eruptions)
|
Ancylostoma braziliense and other animal hookworms, infection is acq by contacts with sand containing feces of dogs and cats
|
|
Chronic infection with this hookworm constitutes an imp cause of anemia worldwide
|
Ancylostoma duodenale, leads to iron def anemia because each worm consumes as as o.25ml blood/day
|
|
MC helminth infection in humans worldwide
|
Ascaris lubricoides, as much as 1/4 of the world is infect; infection cause GI obstruction, granuloma's of the biliary tree liver abscess and hypersensitivity pneumonitis
|
|
Infection is assoc with damage to the biliary tract and teh development of cholangiocarcinoma
|
Clonarchis sinensis, assoc with the consumption of infected freshwater fish
|
|
Infection can be assoc with megaloblastic anemia
|
Diphyllobothrium latum, enormous fish tapeworm absorbs dietary vitamin b12 resulting in B12 defny
|
|
Removal of this nematode is traditionally accomplished by slowly twisting it around a stick to remive it from beneath the skin
|
Dracunculus medinensis, infection is acq by consuming water contaminated by the intermediate host, the cyclops a microscopic crustacean
|
|
Larvae form large space occupying hydatid cysts in the liver and lung, and leakage of fluid can result in anaphylaxis
|
Echinococus granulosus (dog tapeworm), sheep are usually an intermediate host for the dog tapeworm, infection commonly presents in the context of a sheep farmer with many sheep dogs
|
|
Causes perianal pruritus, with dx confirmed by the recovery of the eggs from the anus with scoth tape
|
Enterobius vermicularis( pinworm), most common helminth infection in the US and often assoc with day care institutions
|
|
Infection results subcutaenous "caliber" swellings and can be seen migrating across the eye beneath the conjunctiva
|
Loa loa infection is transmitted by the bite of the mango fly
|
|
Endemic to Africa, esp along river basins, infection can result in river blindness
|
Oncocerca volvulus, transmitted by the blackfly, this nemotode also causes loss of elasticity of teh skin with significant dependant edema, i.e hanging going
|
|
Infection of the bladder is assoc with the development of SCC of the bladder
|
Schistosoma hematobium, endemic to egypt and sudan, and assoc with wading through moist soil while barefoot; dx is confirmed by finding spherical eggs wiht a terminal spine in the urine
|
|
The smallest of all intestinal nematodes, high worm burden, is possibly the result of autoinfection
|
Strongyloides stercoralis, only intestinal nematode capable of completing its life cycle within the human host
|
|
One of the mc cestode infections in the US and assoc with the consumption of improperly cooked contaminated beef
|
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), results in vague abdominal pain, although the tapeworm can grow to several meters in length
|
|
Infection with the larval form of this tapeworm from feces contaminated water can lead to cysticercosis
|
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), results in growth of teh larvae in brain, resulting in a swiss cheese appearance of the cerebral hemispheres
|
|
Accidental transmission of these nematodes from pet feces in sandboxes or on sandy beaches, results in visceral larva migrans
|
Tococara canis and toxocara cati, sx include eosinophilia, pneumonitis and vision loss
|
|
Infection is acq by consuming cysts in under cooked contaminated pork
|
Trichinella spiralis, flu like sx diarrhea, myalgias and periobital edema
|
|
Rectal prolapse is a potential complication in children resulting from straining during defecation of this nematode
|
Trichuris trchiura ( whipworm) dx based on finding bile stained, barrel shaped eggs with polar plugs
|
|
Filariasis (elephantiasis)
|
Wucheri bancrofti, causes obstcution of Lymph vessels resulting in edema with swelling of the legs and genitalia
|
|
Major cause of epidemic conjunctivititis (pink eye)
|
Adenovirus, various subtypes are also assoc with pharyngitis and gastroenteritis
|
|
MC of retinitis, leading to blindness in an immunocormpromised pt
|
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), can also cause life threatening interstitial pneumonia in such pts and heterophile, negative infectious mononucleosis in immunocompetent individuals
|
|
MC viral cause of congenital abnorm in the US
|
CMV, "owl eye intranucleur inclusions
|
|
Infection resutls in the prodcution of heterophil antibodies
|
EBV, polyclonal activation of B cells, production of ab to sheep RBC's that can be detected wiht the monospot test
|
|
Major cause of infectious mononucleiosis (Kissing disease)
|
EBV, weeks of fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy, peripheral blood contains an abundance of atypical lymphs, which are T cells tah recognize EBV infected cells
|
|
Infection is assoc with burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
|
EBV, burkitt africa, naso- asia
|
|
DNA virus that encodes an RNA-dependant DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)
|
Hep B, virus produces its DNA genome through a single mRNA transcript, req the presence of a reverse transcriptase
|
|
Appear in the serum as Dane particles and as large amts of filaments of ecess surface antigen
|
Hep B, surface antigen, now produced by recombinent dna technology and is givern as a vaccine
|
|
Major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma,
|
HBV, less liked to progress to either cirrohsis or carcinoma than is HCV, world wide prev, esp in Africa, makes HBV the leading cause
|
|
Major cause of std and vertically transmitted hepatitis
|
HBV, histo, infected cells appear as ground glass hepatocytes because of the prescence of excess surface antigen within the cytoplasm
|
|
Infection wiht this virus is a leading cause of corneal blindness in the US
|
HSV1, keratoconjuctivitis results in dendritic ulcers that can be visualized with fluorescein staining
|
|
infection results in cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions and multinucleated giant cells
|
HSV1,mC HUMAN viral infections virus enters broken skin and remains latent in trigeminal ganglion with spontaneous reactivation triggered by axonal injury, stress, or UV light
|
|
Leading cause of sporadic encephaliis in the us
|
HSV1 affects temporal lobe
|
|
MCC of vesiculo ulcerative lesions on the penis or vagina
|
HSV-2, reactivation of the virus is common, cos the virus remains latent in the lumbar and sacral ganglia; detected using tzanck test
|
|
Infection causes roseola infantum of sixth disease
|
HHV-6, high fever and skin rash, child
|
|
Causes cranberry pigmented lesions on AIDS pts
|
HHV-8, kaposi sarcoma, tumor of blood vessels, dissarray of vasucular channels filled with RBC'S
|
|
Infetion is linked to premalignant lesions on the vulva, cervix, penis and anus
|
HPV, viral oncoprotein E6 binds to p53 and viral oncoprotein E7 binds to Rb, stimulating infected cells to undergo uncontrolled growth
|
|
Infection of keratinized tissue results in the formation of warts on the hands and feet
|
HPV, caused by infection with hpv1-4 with the development of warts on the hands, verruca palmaris, and feet, verruca plantaris
|
|
Infection causes cauliflower like lesions on the external genitals or preianal areas
|
HPV, condyloma acuminatum, is microscopically characterized by teh presence of vacuolated infected cells, termed koilocytes
|
|
Reactivation of latent viral infection in immunocomprmise pts can result in prgressive multifocal leukoencephalopahty(pml)
|
JC VIRUS, polyomavirus causes foci of demylination surrounded by oligodendroctes with viral inclusions
|
|
This contagious virus causes benign epithelial tumors that appear as pearly umbilicated nodules with a central caseous plug
|
Molluscum contagiosum, lesions caused this this poxvirus occur as clusters on the trunk, genitalia and extremities; it is transmitted by towels, barbers, swimming pools and sexual activitiy
|
|
Causes aplastic crisis in pts with sickle cell anemia, thalassemia and acq hemolytic anemia
|
Parvovirus B19, virion replcates best in rapidly dividing erythroblasts resulting in cell lysis
|
|
Infection of a slapped cheek appearance on a child
|
Parvovirus b19, single stranded DNA , can cause erythema infectiosum or fifth disease
|
|
only DNA virus that replicates solely in the cytoplasm and that carries its own DNA dependant polymerases
|
Poxvirus, largest of all, brick shped by EM and has Guarnieri inclusion bodies when replicating in cells
|
|
Found as a contaminant in prep of polio vaccine produced in monkey cell culture
|
SV40, polyoma virus typically a simian virus whivh can cause timor in mice, no pathogenic reported in humans
|
|
Causes chickenpox upon initial infection, and shingles upon reactivation
|
VZV, only herpes virus with live attenuated vaccine; reactivation most commonly occurs along the dermatomal distribution of the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
|
|
Infection results in succesive app of macules, papules, vesicles, and crusts all seen simulataneously
|
VZV, severe infection can result in pneumonia with multinucleated giant cells
|
|
Assoc with Reye syndrome whent he accompanying fever is tx with aspirin
|
VZV, reye's syndome is an acute encephalopathy assoc with fatty infiltration of the liver, which is often fatal
|
|
Group of togavirus transmitted by mosquitoes leading to encephalitis
|
Alphavirus, this genus include Eastern Equine encephalitis virus (EEE)m Western Equine encephalitis (WEE) and Venezualen equine encephalitis (VEE)
|
|
A group of viruses that are transmitted that are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks
|
Arbovirus, this group contains members of the Flavivirus family, and bunyavirus family
|
|
Only Bunya virus member causing disease endemic to the US
|
California Encephalitis virus (including La Crosse virus), results in mild encephalitis, sometimes only meningitis.
|
|
Causes pleuodynia( Bornholm disease)
|
Coxsackie B virus, sudden onset of stabbing chest pain, with waxing and waning sx
|
|
MCC of viral myocarditis
|
Coxsackie B virus, usually self limiting, but may cause fatl arrythmias or lead to dilated cardiomyopathy
|
|
Causes herpangina
|
Coxsackie A , discrete vesicles on the throat and tongue wiht pain and difficulty swallowing
|
|
Infection may result in destruction of the pancreas with resultant insulin- dependent Diabetes mellitus
|
Cocksackieviruses B3 and B4, may be due to molecular mimicry owing to shared antigens btw virus and pancreatic beta cells
|
|
Causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan
|
Ebola virus, another filoviirurs family member, Marburg virus, has been assoc with infection of lab personnel working with monkey tissue
|
|
Infection leads to severe hemorrhage and renal failure
|
Hantavirus, a member of the Bunyavirus family with three segments of RNA
|
|
Infection is assoc with ingestion of raw shellfish from fecally contaminated water
|
Hep A Virus, the virus is transmitted via the fecal.oral route and causes an acute hepatitis with no chronic carrier state
|
|
Major cause of post transfusion hepatitis
|
Hep C virus, this flavivirus, often results in initially subclinical infection although it is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis in the US; it is the hepatitis virus most likely to result in hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
Replication-deficient virus req the prescence of hep B virus for productive infection
|
Hep D virus, viral particle known as Dane particle, req packaging into hep B surface antigen to be infectious
|
|
Infection is assoc with a high mortality rate in infected preg women
|
Hep E virus, this calcivirus is transmitted by the fecal/oral route, as with hep A, and is most prevalent in developing nations
|
|
Infection leads to the destruction of T cells, with the development of life- threatening opportunistic
|
HIV opportunistic infections include CMV infection, Kaposi sarcoma, Penumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycobacterium avium- intracellulare
|
|
Retrovirus that causes oncogenic transformation of CD4+ T cells
|
Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus- 1(HTLV-1) this virus, related to HIV is endemic to Japan and the Carib basin, and also causes tropical spastic paraparesis
|
|
Tx with salicylates for this viral cause of resp sx may result in Reye syndrome in children
|
Influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus), in children, this virus can also cause croup, otitis media, muscle aches and a high fever; influenza and retroviruses are the only RNA viruses to replicated in the nucleus
|
|
Changes in the viral surface proteins resulting from point mutations; reassortment of genome segments results in epidemics and pandemics
|
Influenza virus(orthomyxovirus) point mutations in viral hemagglutinin [HA] or neuroamindidase [NA] result in antigen drift, whereas reassortment of genes results in antigenic shifts
|
|
Major viral cause of pneumonia, and infection typically predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia
|
Influenza virus(orthomyxovirus), decrease in resp mucosal viscosity by viral neuroaminidase and destruction of the resp epithelium lower the resistance to bact superinfection by staphylococcus spp., streptococcus spp. and Haemophilus spp infection
|
|
Infection has been assoc with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis(SSPE)
|
Measles virus (defective virus encoding a defective M protein)
|
|
Infection leads to an immune-mediated maculopapular rash on the head, trunk and limbs
|
Measles virus, prescence of Koplik spots, small bluish white ulcerations on the oral mucosa, are pathognomonic
|
|
Giant cell pneumonia and encephalomyelitis are potential complications
|
Measles virus, vaccination for this prev common viral infection is included in the MMR vaccine, along wiht mumps and rubella
|
|
Infection can result in orchitis, which can lead to sterility
|
Mumps virus, orchitis compicates parotiditis in 20% of infected males
|
|
Infection results in swelling of one or both parotids
|
Mumps virus, may result in aseptic meningitis and pancreatitis
|
|
Major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in adults
|
Norwalk agent, outbreaks of this Calicivirus are common in institutional settings and on cruise ships
|
|
Leading cause of croup
|
Parainfluenza virus, aka laryngotracheobronchitis, obstruction of the larynx results in a characteristic seal-bark cough
|
|
Infection leads to the destruction of the cells of the ant horn of the spinal cord
|
Poliovirus, viral infection wiht this picornavirus can lead to denervation atrophy of innervated muscles with flaccid paralysis
|
|
Infection is assoc with an aversion to water, foaming at the mouth and choking (hydrophobia)
|
Rabies virus, "bullet shaped" virion can be seen by electron microscopy; causes intracelllular viral inclusions in infected cells known as Negri bodies
|
|
Only virus for which post exposure vaccination is indicated
|
Rabies virus, long incubation period allows for the development of a protective immune response, w/out which CNS sx can lead invariably to death
|
|
Infection is assoc with sx of sympathetic over reactivity i.e salivation
|
Rabies virus, virus binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
|
|
Most imp causes of lower resp tract infection in infants
|
Respiratory synctytial virus (RSV), virally infected cells often form multinucleated synctia
|
|
Virion contains two identical strands of positive RNA (diploid-like genome)
|
Retrovirus, the virion also carries an RNA- dependent RNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, and an integrase for integration into the host cell genome)
|
|
Major causes of URTI in humans
|
Rhinovirus, this picornavirus, binds and enters epithelial cells via attachment to ICAM-1 and replicates best at 33 degrees C, explaining its predilection for the mucosa of the nasopharnyx
|
|
Major cause of diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children
|
Rotavirus, this reovirus contains 10-12 segments of dsRNA within two concentric capsids
|
|
Teratogenic virus leading to congenital defects of the heart, brain and eye
|
Rubella virus, a member of the TORCH group of infectious agents that are capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the developing fetus
|
|
This newly emerging cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis can also be transmitted via blood transfusions and organ transplants and causes life-threatening sx in elderly and immunosuppressed patients
|
West Nile Virus, although first reported in Africa in the 1930's the appearance of this member of the Flavivirus family was first reported in the US in 1999; recent yrs have seen large outbreaks with thousands of cases and nearly 200 deaths.
|
|
Arbovirus that cause severe hepatitis with jaundice and severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage and black vomit
|
Yellow fever virus, infection by this Flavivirus, transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, can be prevented using a vaccine developed from the 17D strain
|
|
A unique and recently discovered class of infectious agents that can result in Spongiform encephalitis
|
Prions, composed of proteinaceous material, it is highly resistant to most forms of sterilization and can be transmitted iatrogenically, e.g. surgical instruments, cadaveric material, or from consuming contaminated meats
|
|
Opportunitic infections common in AIDS pts:
-Bacterial? -Fungal? -Protozoal? -Viral? |
Bacterial- Mycobacterium avium intracellulare
Fungal- Pneumocystis carinii Protozoal- Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum Viral- CMV, Kaposi sarcoma virus |
|
Major STD in the US
Bacterial? Protozoal? Viral? |
Bacterial- Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoease
Protozoal- Trichomonas vaginalis Viral- HSV2, HIV, HPV |
|
Major cause of meningitis;
Newborns? Children? Young Adults? Elderly(>60yrs) AIDS pts? |
Newborns- Strep agalactiea, Ecoli
Children- Hemophilus influenzae Young adults- Neisseria meningititds Elderly- Strep pneumoniae AIDS pts- Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
Major cause of pneumonia:
-Neonates? -Children (6 weeks-18 yrs)? -Adults? -Elderly (>60yrs)? -Alcoholics? -Postviral? -Cystic Fibrosis pts? |
-Neonates? Strep agalactiae, E. coli
-Children (6 weeks-18 yrs)? RSV -Adults? Mycoplasma pneumonia -Alcoholics? Klebsiella pneumo -Postviral? Haemophilus influenzae -Cystic Fibrosis pts? Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
Common nosocomial infections assoc with:
Newborns? Urinary catheterization? Renal dialysis units? Resp therapy equipment? Water aerosols? |
Newborns- RSV, CMV
Urinary catherterization- E.coli and Proteus spp Renal dialysis units- Hep B virus Resp therapy equipment- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Water aerosols- Legionella pneumophilia |
|
Major cause of endocarditis:
-Subacute endo -acute endo -IV drug users - pts with prosthetic valves? |
-Subacute endo - strep viridans
-acute endo- staph aureus -IV drug users- staph aureus - pts with prosthetic valves- stap epidermidis |
|
Major cause of osteomyelitis:
- general population? -sexually active? -Drug users? - Sickle cell pts.? |
- general population? stap aureus
-sexually active? neisseria meningidits -Drug users? Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Sickle cell pts.? salmonella |
|
Major causes of UTI's
|
E.coli, Proteus, Serratia, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebseilla, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Staph saphro
|
|
Organisms that cause watery diarrhea?
|
Cryptosporidium parvum, Ecoli, Vibrio cholerae, Norwalk agent, Rotavirus
|
|
Organism causing bloody diarrhea (dysentary)
|
Campylobacter jejuni, Ecoli (enteroinvasive, and enterohemorrhagic), Salmonella spp, shigella dysenteriae, Entamoeba histolytica
|
|
Major cause of food poisoning
|
Staph, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus
|
|
Major cause of transplacental neonatal infections
|
Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum, Rubella virus, CMV, HSV, HIV, collectively known as a TORCH group, many of these infections can lead to congential defects, if acq in utero
|
|
Major cause of transcervical neonatal infections (acq by vaginal delivery)
|
Candida albicans, E coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Strep agalactiae
|