Microbiology Block 2 Spirochetes

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general characterics of spirochetes

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ver long, flexible, and motile bacteria spirals. they possess cytoplasmic and outer membranes and think peptidoglycan

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periplasmic flagella

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attached at the ends of the bacteria, wrap around teh cell body

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general characterics of Treponema

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obligate parasites of humans

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primary syphilis

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local infections, caused by direct, sexual contact with an infected individual and establishes a local infection chancre

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secondary syphilis

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disseminated infection, multiple skin lesions, rash, lymphadenopathy, meningovascular infection of teh internal organs can occur

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latent syphilis

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asymptomatic infection with no further complications

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tertiary (gummatous) syphilis

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lesions consisting of accumlations of lymphotcytes and macrophages reacting to presence of T. pallidum. tissue destruction

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tertiary (neurosyphilis)

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long term infectionof teh CNS, causes paresis (infection of brain with psychologic effects) and tabes dorsalis (infectionoflwer spinal column)

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tertiary (cardiovascular) syphilis

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infection of cardiovascular systems, in particular aoritic aneurisms

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congential syphilis

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infection of fetus by transplacental passage by mother. normally causes miscarriage, stillbirth. late symptoms in live birth are consistent with bone and tooth deformtiies, wrinkled skin, intestitial keratitis

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best detection method for T. pallidum

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uses darkfield microscopy and analyzing serous exudate from an active lesion. only definitive test for syphilis

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nontreponemal tests for T. pallidum

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detects antibodies agains cardiolipid. examples is VDRL and RPR. false positive

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treponemal tests for T. palliudum

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detect antibodies agasint T. palliudum (FTA-ABS)

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treatment of syphilis

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penicillin with tetracycline. if have secondary syphilis, can cause Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

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general characteristics for Borrelia

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may be seen inbloodsmear, commonly transmitted by anthropods (ticks and lice)

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B. recrruentis

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causes cyclic disease with relapses due to antigenic variation. causes louseborne relapsing fver, tickborn relapsing fever

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symptoms of B. recurrentis

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rigors, high fever, headache, nausea, muscle and joint pain, conjunctivitis, petechial rash

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expression plasmid

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contains expression site of variable major protein genes

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storage plasmid

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contaisn a library of around 30 unexpressed VMP genes, which can be switched into EP expression site, thus causign antigenic variation

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stage 1 B. burgdorferi

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local infection, erythema migrans, develops at site of teick bite

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stage 2 B. burgdorferi

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disseminated infection. characterized by severe malaise and fatigue. multiple skin lesions; muscle pain and joing pain. neurologic symptoms, bells palsy, mild encephaltis

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stage 3 B. burgdorferi

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persistent infection, arthritis, chronic neurologic problems, and raised skin lesions.

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treatment of B. burgdorferi

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doxycycline or amoxicillin in early stages, ceftriaxone, penicillin, or amoxicillin inlate stages

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epidemiology of Leptospira

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disease associated when come into conatct with urine or water contaminated withurined of infected animals

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clinical manifestations of Leptospira

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abrupt onset of high fever, headache, chills, sever myalgias of legs, and back confusion, skin rash. secondary or immune phase may follow with recurrence of fever, meningigmus, and CSF pleocytosis. Weils syndome - sever illness with hemorrhage, azotemia, jaundice

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treatmens of Leptospira

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standaized therapies have not been established. doxycycline and B-lactams exhibit soem efficacy in reducing severity