Microbiology (Biol 251): Exam 4 (Pt. 2)

Front 1

What structure provides water, amino acids, and lipids as food to bacteria?

Back 1

sweat (sebaceous) glands

Front 2

What is the normal pH of skin?

It is acidic or basic?

Back 2

pH 4 to pH 6.5; slightly acidic

Front 3

What skin layer contains dead cells?

Back 3

Epidermis layer

Front 4

Why is skin described as unstable?

Back 4

Because it has a lot of dry skin cells on the topmost layer that flake off easily

Front 5

sebum

Back 5

thick oily substance, secreted by the sweat (sebaceous) glands of the skin, that consists of fat, keratin and cellular debris

Front 6

List the 3 kinds of organisms that are commonly in human skin flora.

Back 6

Diptheroids
Staphylococcus aureus
Fungi

Front 7

diptheroids (3)

Back 7

Grow in hair follicles & break down sweat

Results in body odor

Involved in acne

Front 8

staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus)

Back 8

Salt tolerant gram (+) bacteria that grow on the outer surface of skin

Front 9

Identify the fungus that is common in human skin flora.

Back 9

Malassezia grows on human skin.

Front 10

What bacteria causes boils when it reaches the hair follicle?

Back 10

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 11

folliculitis

Back 11

infection of the hair follicle

Front 12

furuncle

Back 12

a boil; extension of folliculitis going into the surrounding tissue

Front 13

carbuncle

Back 13

a number of boils (mass) in the same location; can potentially infect organs

Front 14

abscess

Back 14

symptom consisting of a localized collection of pus (dead neutrophils) surrounded by inflamed tissue

Front 15

List the 2 bacterial skin infections discussed in class.

Back 15

Staphylococcus aureus infections
Borrelia burgdorferi

Front 16

Staphylococcus aureus

Infection/Disease caused
Side FX
How does it spread?
Rx

Back 16

Causes infection of hair follicles, i.e. boils, carbuncles

Side FX: Swelling, redness

Spreads by getting into hair follicles & sebaceous glands; may spread by human contact

Rx: Must be drained by of pus and individual must be given antibiotics

Front 17

Borrelia burgdorferia

Infection/Disease caused
Side FX
How does it spread?
Rx

Back 17

Causes Lyme disease

Side FX: (1 wk) large circular rash, fever, muscle pains, enlarged lymph nodes, (2-8 wks) dizziness, paralysis, headaches, (6 months) arthritis and joint problems

Spread via ticks, which act as vectors for disease

RX: Ampicillin if caught soon enough

Front 18

Where is borrelia burgdorferia prevalent? Why?

Back 18

It is most common in the northeast and in the mountains (northern CA) because deers reside there.

Front 19

What is unique about borrelia burgdorferia compared to other prokaryotes?

Back 19

It is a spirochete with a "linear genome".

Front 20

List the 2 viral skin diseases discussed in class. What virus causes these diseases?

Back 20

Chickenpox = Herpesvirus family
Measles = Rubeola virus
German measles = Rubella virus

Front 21

Chickenpox = Herpesvirus family

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 21

Side FX: itchy red spots and blisters

Spreads via tiny droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Most recover, except for infants & immuno-compromised individuals

RX: Vaccination

Front 22

What is reactivation of chicken pox called?

Back 22

Shingles

Front 23

Measles = Rubeola virus

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 23

Side FX: fever, cough, swollen eyes, fine red rash

Spreads via tiny droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Most recover, but can be dangerous due to secondary disease, such as pneumonia

RX: Vaccination

Front 24

German measles = Rubella virus

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 24

Side FX: mild cold symptoms, fine red rash

Spreads via tiny droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Most recover, but it can be very dangerous for pregnant women

RX: Vaccination

Front 25

Why is the rubella virus so dangerous for pregnant women?

Back 25

If pregnant women are exposed during the first 6 weeks, abnormal development (i.e. deafness) of the fetus usually occurs

Front 26

Which is more dangerous: rubeola virus (measles) or rubella virus (German measles)?

Back 26

Rubeola virus (measles)

Front 27

List the 5 structures of the upper respiratory system.

Back 27

Ears
Eyes
Nose
Throat
Mouth

Front 28

List the 3 structures of the lower respiratory system.

Back 28

Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs

Front 29

What structure causes the respiratory system to be moist?

Back 29

Goblet cells release mucous all the time.

Front 30

What structure in the URS moves objects either out of the mouth or down to the stomach?

Back 30

Cilia

Front 31

List the 2 URS bacterial diseases discussed in class.

Back 31

Streptococcus pyrogenes = Strep throat
Corynbacterium disptheriae = Diptheria

Front 32

Corynbacterium disptheriae = Diptheria

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 32

Side FX: fever & sore throat, swelling of neck, coating of throat w/ whtie membrane

Spreads via tiny droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Prognosis depends on location of infection; 10% death rate

RX: Penicillin (for bacteria) and antitoxin

Front 33

Streptococcus pyrogenes = Strep throat

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 33

Side FX: fever & sore, red throat

Spreads via tiny droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Most recover; individuals feel better within 24 hours of taking antibiotics

RX: Penicillin

Front 34

What is the rare disease caused by streptococcus pyrogenes?

Back 34

Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease), which has a death rate of 30–50%

Front 35

Streptococcus pyrogenes = Necrotizing faciitis

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 35

Side FX: severe pain, swelling, fever

Spreads by entering open wound

Death rate of 30–50%

Rx: Amputate area of infection, antibiotics, IV immunoglobulin

Front 36

How does this s. pyrogene membrane protein function?

C5a peptidase

Back 36

Destroys C5a, an enzyme involved in chemotaxis

Front 37

How does this s. pyrogene membrane protein function?

Capsule

Back 37

Contains hyaluronic acid, which is only supposed to be in humans

Front 38

How does this s. pyrogene membrane protein function?

M protein

Back 38

Degrades C3b, an enzyme that marks bacteria for opsonization

Front 39

How does this s. pyrogene membrane protein function?

F protein

Back 39

Attaches to host cells

Front 40

How does this s. pyrogene membrane protein function?

G protein

Back 40

Binds to Fc region of IgG, which is an antibody

Front 41

List the 4 s. pyrogene secreted proteins.

Back 41

DNAses
Streptolysins O and S
SPE
Proteases

Front 42

How does this s. pyrogene secreted protein function?

Streptolysins S and O

Back 42

Lyse blood cells

Front 43

How does corynbacterium diptheriae infect a person?

Back 43

AB exotoxins released by the bacteria spread through blood and deactivate EF-2, which results in paralysis

Front 44

Identify the function of EF-2 (elongation factor-2).

Back 44

involved in translocation and synthesizing proteins

Front 45

Describe the vaccine for diptheria.

Back 45

Vaccine acts on exotoxin with formalin

Front 46

Identify and define the viral URS infection discussed in class

Back 46

Rhinovirus/Picornavirus = Common cold

Rhinovirus/Picornavirus - non-enveloped ss RNA

Front 47

Rhinovirus/Picornavirus

How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 47

Spreads via tiny droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

RX: Pleconaril may help

Front 48

How does the drug pleconaril function?

Back 48

It binds to the hydrophobic pockets on capsid, which results in changes of the bacteria's 3D conformation thus preventing viral uncoating.

Front 49

Identify and define the bacterial LRS infection discussed in class

Back 49

Pneumonia - inflammed and fluid-filled lungs; 4 diff. types caused by diff. bacteria

Front 50

List the 4 bacteria that cause pneumonia.

Back 50

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumoniae

Front 51

Identify and define the first viral LRS infection discussed in class.

Back 51

Hantavirus = Hantavirus flu

hantavirus - enveloped virus w/ 3 (- (ss) RNA segments

Front 52

Hantavirus = Hantavirus flu

Side FX
How does it spread?

Back 52

Side FX: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, shock, death

Spreads via inhalation of air contaminated with urine/feces of rodents

Front 53

Where is the hantavirus prevalent?

Back 53

In the 4 corners area of the United States

Front 54

Identify and define the second viral LRS infection discussed in class.

Back 54

Influenza A - influenza (flu)

influenza A - enveloped virus with segments of (-) (ss) RNA

Front 55

Influenza A - influenza (flu)

Back 55

Side FX: head & body ache, fever, muscle pain, cough, excess mucous, chills, malaise, vomiting

Spreads via air or by touching infected inanimate objects; virus can infects hours after removed from host

Most recover in 10 days or so

Rx: Vaccination

Front 56

Where is influenza A naturally found?

Back 56

Wild birds

Front 57

List the 2 protein spikes found on influenza A.

Back 57

Hemaglutinin
Neuramindase

Front 58

Why must new influenza vaccines be made on a yearly basis?

Back 58

Due to antigenic drift

Front 59

antigenic drift

Back 59

A mechanism for variation utilized by viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the antibody-binding sites

Front 60

In order for s. pyrogenes to cause necrotizing faciitis, what exotoxins must be present?

Back 60

Exotoxin A acts as superantigen and anti-shock.

Exotoxin B acts as protease.

Front 61

cyanosis

Back 61

a blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to lack of oxygen

Front 62

Identify the 2 ways influenza A can kill a human.

Back 62

Quickly and directly with viral pneumonia aka "burning of the lungs".

Slowly and indirectly by stripping the body of its defenses, which lets bacteria into the body, thus causing pneumonia.

Front 63

What do autopsies tell us about the influenza infections?

Back 63

Autopsies show that all organs are infected/

Front 64

Influenza mutates so fast that...

Back 64

99% of the 100,000-1 million new viral particles that burst out of host cell are too defective to invade another cell

Front 65

TRUE / FALSE

Mutated particles can be more deadly or less deadly.

Back 65

TRUE

Front 66

When was the influenza virus in its most deadly form?

Back 66

During the 1918 flu pandemic, in which it spread worldwide

Front 67

1918 Flu Pandemic

Where did it begin?

Back 67

Haskell County, Kansas

Front 68

1918 Flu Pandemic

Identify the 3 waves of the disease.

Back 68

Began in early 1918

June-Dec 1918: Soldiers spread the disease overseas to other soldiers & their families

Last wave in early 1919

Front 69

1918 Flu Pandemic

How many people did it kill worldwide?

Back 69

50-100 million, more than any disease in history

Front 70

1918 Flu Pandemic

What was unique about this disease and how it affected young adults? (2)

Back 70

Young adults (25-29) had the most deaths.

8-10% of the world's young adult population died.

Front 71

List the 5 structures of the upper alimentary system.

Back 71

Mouth
Esophagus
Salivary glands
Stomach

Note: MESS

Front 72

List the 5 structures of the lower alimentary system.

Back 72

Pancreas
Intestines
Liver

Note: Take a PIL

Front 73

Identify and define the bacterial upper alimentary infection discussed in class.

Back 73

Vibrio cholera = Cholera

vibrio cholera - gram (-) bacteria rod

Front 74

Identify the function of the AB exotoxin that is released by vibrio cholera.

Back 74

A fragment turns on cAMP production

B fragment binds to cells of small intestine

Front 75

What is the result of the A fragment (of the AB exotoxin) keeping cAMP on?

Back 75

With cAMP being on continuously, it causes water to leave cells continuously.

Individual dies of dehydration.

Front 76

What is the Rx for cholera?

Back 76

Vaccination and having a clean water/sanitation system

Front 77

Identify and define the viral upper alimentary infection discussed in class.

Back 77

Paramyxovirus family = Mumps

paramyxovirus family - enveloped 1 segment (ss) RNA

Front 78

Paramyxovirus family = Mumps

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 78

Side FX: fever, headache, swelling of parotid glands

Spreads via tiny droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Most children recover w/ no problems; causes problems in adults

Rx: Vaccination or survive disease

Front 79

What problems do males get from getting mumps?

Back 79

If male gets mumps after puberty, they may become sterile b/c virus goes to testes.

Front 80

What problems do pregnant females get from getting mumps?

Back 80

Pregnant women can miscarriage.

Front 81

Identify and define the viral lower alimentary infection discussed in class.

Back 81

Hepatitis B virus = Hepatitis B

It is a DNA virus.

Front 82

What is unique about the hepatitis B virus?

Back 82

It uses reverse transcriptase even though it is a DNA virus.

Front 83

Hepatitis B virus = Hepatitis B

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis
Rx

Back 83

Side FX: fatigue, fever, nausea

Spreads via blood, blood products, and semen

Leads to the destruction of liver and eventually death

Rx: Vaccination, but there is no cure once contracted

Front 84

List the 3 structures of the nervous system.

Back 84

Brain
Spinal cord
Meninges

Front 85

Identify and define the first viral nervous system infection discussed in class.

Back 85

Neisseria meningitidis = Meningococcal meningitis

neisseria meningitidis - gram (-) rod

Front 86

Identify and define the second viral nervous system infection discussed in class.

Back 86

rhabdovirus family = Rabies

rhabdovirus family - bullet-shaped, enveloped, (ss) (-) RNA virus

Front 87

Identify and define the wound infection discussed in class.

Back 87

Clostridium Tetani = Tetanus aka "lockjaw"

clostridium tetani - gram (+) rod

Front 88

What is the exotoxin released by the clostridium tetani virus? What is its function?

Back 88

Tetanospasmin travels trough body and prevents neurons from controlling muscles; muscles kept in contracted position

Front 89

Identify and define the blood infection discussed in class.

Back 89

Yersinia Pestis = Black Death aka Plague

yersinia pestis - gram (-) rod

Front 90

Yersinia Pestis = Black Death aka Plague

Side FX
How does it spread?
Prognosis

Back 90

Side FX: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, shock, cough, bloody sputum

Spreads by fleas attacking humans and rodents

Death occurs 80% of the time

Front 91

Identify the function of P1a in yersinia pestis.

Back 91

Protease that dissolves blood clots in and destroys C3b and C5a

Front 92

Identify the function of F1 in yersinia pestis.

Back 92

Gene expressed only at high temps, i.e. in the human body

Leads to capsule production.
Capsules are harder for the body to fight.

Front 93

Identify the function of the Yops protein in yersinia pestis. (3)

Back 93

Destroys actin filaments in host cells
Prevents release of cytokines from being released ***
Induces apoptosis

Front 94

What pneumonia-causing bacteria is most prominent in nosocomial infections?

Back 94

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 95

What pneumonia-causing bacteria that does NOT have a cell wall?

Back 95

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 96

Why won't penicillin work on Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Back 96

It doesn't have cell walls.

Front 97

How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae affect our bodies?

Back 97

It attaches to epithelia cells and prevents cilia function.

Front 98

How does legionella pneumophilia affect our bodies?

Back 98

It enters and lives in our phagocytes