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94 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
METABOLISM
THE SUM OF ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CATABOLISM
CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT BREAKDOWN MOLECULES AND PRODUCE ENERGY
ANABOLISM
CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT REQUIRE ENERGY TO COMBINE MOLECULES
ENZYMES
PROTEINS THAT CATALYZE REACTIONS BY LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY & END IN ~ASE
GLOBULAR
SHAPE OF ENZYMES
HOLOENZYMES
MOST ENZYMES MADE UP OF APOENZYME & A COFACTOR
APOENZYME
PROTEIN PORTION OF A HOLOENZYME
COFACTOR
NON-PROTEIN PORTION OF A HOLOENZYME (METAL ION: FE,CU,MG,MN, ZN, CA, CO)
COENZYME
COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULE (NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, COENZYME A)
SPECIFICITY
FUNCTION OF ENZYMES THAT BECAUSE OF ITS SHAPE, ALLOWS IT TO BIND ONLY TO A CERTAIN SUBSTRATE
DENATURATION
LOSS OF AN ENZYME'S SHAPE RESULTING IN LOSS OF FUNCTION DUE TO HEAT, PH, ETC.
OPTIMUM pH
THE POINT AT WHICH ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IS MAXIMAL
COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS
PRODUCT THAT COMPETES WITH THE NORMAL SUBSTRATE FOR THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME
NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITORS
PRODUCT THAT ACTS SITE OTHER THAN THE ACTIVE SITE, CHANGES THE SHAPE OF THE ENZYME PREVENTING THE SUBSTRATE BINDING
FEEDBACK INHIBITION
THE USE OF END-PRODUCTS TO INHIBIT ENZYME ACTIVITY (NEAR THE START)
RIBOZYMES
ENZYMATIC RNA MOLECULES THAT CUT AND SPLICE RNA IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS
OXIDATION
REMOVEAL OF ELECTRONS FROM A SUBSTRATE (H+ OFTEN REMOVED WITH THE ELECTRONS)
REDUCTION
GAIN OF ELECTRONS BY A SUBSTRATE
OXIDATION-REDUCTION
EACH TIME A SUBSTANCE IS OXIDIZED ANOTHER IS REDUCED
NAD+

NADH
ELECTRON CARRIER - OXIDIZED FORM

ELECTRON CARRIER - REDUCED FORM
GLUCOSE
REDUCED MOLECULE THAT RELEASED ENERGY WHEN OXIDIZED
PHOSPHORYLATION
THE ADDITION OF A PHOSPHATE TO ADP MAKING IT AN ATP. (REQUIRES ENERGY)
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE (FROM A CATABOLIC REACTION) IS ADDED DIRECTLY TO ADP TO FORM ATP
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT INTO O2 (OR OTHER INORGANIC) PROVIDES THE ENERGY TO MAKE ATP.
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
LIGHT TRAPPED BY CHLOROPHYLL CAUSES ELECTRON TRANSFERS WHICH PROVIDES THE ENERGY FOR ATP SYNTHESIS
METABOLIC PATHWAY
SERIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS (AIDED BY ENZYMES) THAT STORE AND RELEASE ENERGY IN ORGANIC MOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATE OXIDATION
PROVIDERS OF MOST OF A CELL'S ENERGY (GLUCOSE IS MOST COMMON)
GLUCOSE CATABOLISM
RESPIRATION (COMPLETELY BROKEN DOWN) AND FERMENTATION (PARTIALLY BROKEN DOWN)
GLYCOLYSIS
MOST COMMON PATHWAY FOR GLUCOSE OXIDATION PRODUCING PYRUVIC ACID (MAKES 2 ATP & 2 NADH PER GLUCOSE)
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT)
ALTERNATIVE TO GLYCOLYSIS, METABOLIZES FIVE-CARBON SUGARS (MAKES 1 ATP & 12 NADPH PER GLUCOSE)
ENTNER-HOUDOROFF PATHWAY
ALTERNATIVE TO GLYCOLYSIS AND PENTOSE PHOSPHATE FOUND IN SOME G- BACTERIA (MAKES 1 ATP & 2 NADPH PER GLUCOSE)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
WHEN ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE OXIDIZED AND ENERGY PRODUCED FROM THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION WITH O2 AT THE END OF THE ELECTRON CHAIN
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION WHEN THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR (END OF CHAIN) IS AN INORGANIC MOLECULE (NOT O2)
KREBS CYCLE
PART OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION - DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVIC ACID (MAKES 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 2 ATP 6 CO2)
DECARBOXYLATION
REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM AMINO ACID (PYRUVIC ACID IN RESPIRATION)
PYRUVIC ACID
ORGANIC ACID PRODUCED BY GLYCOLSIS
PYRUVATE
PYRUVIC ACID MINUS A HYDROGEN GIVING IT A NEGATIVE CHARGE
NAD+

NADH (NAD+ & 1H+ & 2e-)
NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (ELECTRON CARRIERS)
FAD

FADH2 (FAD & 2H+ & 2e-)
FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (ELECTRON CARRIER)
ELECTRON CARRIER
COENZYMES THAT REMOVES AND TRANSFERS HYDROGEN ION AND ELECTRONS FROM SUBSTRATE MOLECULES (NAD+ & FAD)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
A SERIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT TRANSFER E- (BROUGHT FROM NADH) FROM ONE COMPOUND TO ANOTHER & GENERATE ATP
FLAVOPROTEINS,
CYTOCHROMES &
UBIGUINONES
CARRIER MOLECULES IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
PROTON MOTIVE FORCE
FORCE GENERATED WHEN ELECTIONS MOVE THRU THE ETC AND USED TO PUMP PROTONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
ATP SYNTHASE
PROTEIN THAT MAKES ATP FROM THE ENERGY PRODUCED AS PROTONS MOVE BACK ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
LOCATION OF ELECTRON CARRIERS IN EUKARYOTES
PLASMA MEMBRANE
LOCATION OF ELECTRON CARRIERS IN PROKARYOTES
38 ATP
THE AMOUNT AEROBIC PROKARYOTES CAN PRODUCE FROM ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE
36 ATP
THE AMOUNT EUKARYOTES CAN PRODUCE FROM THE OXIDATION OF ONE GLUCOSE
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
2-38 ATP
RESPIRATION WHEN THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS NOT O2 (NO3, SO4 OR CO3 IONS) - MAKES LESS ATP
FERMENTATION
2 ATP
RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM ORGANIC MOLECULES (OFTEN SUGAR) BY OXIDATION WITH OUT USE OF O2 - 2 ATP PRODUCED
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
REDUCTION OF PYRUVIC ACID TO LACTIC ACID BY NADH = SPOILED FOOD (2 LACTIC ACIDS & 2 NAD)
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
REDUCTIONS OF ACETALDEHYDE BY NADH TO ETHANOL (2 NAD & 2 ETHANOL)
HETEROLACTIC FERMENTERS
ORGANISMS THAT USE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY TO PRODUCE LACTIC ACID AND ETHANOL
HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION
USE OF PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY TO PRODUCE LACTIC ACID & ETHANOL
LIPASE
ENZYME THAT BREAKS TRIGLYCERIDES INTO GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
BETA OXIDATION
REMOVAL OF 2 CARBON UNITS FROM A FATTY ACID TO PRODUCE ACETYL-COA
TRANSAMINATION
TRANSFER OF AN AMINO GROUP FROM AN AMINO ACID TO ANOTHER ORGANIC ACID (ALLOWS ENTRY TO KREB CYCLE)
DECARBOXYLATION
REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM AN AMINO ACID (ALLOWS ENTRY TO KREB CYCLE)
DEHYDROGENATION
LOSS OF HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM AMINO ACID (ALLOWS ENTRY TO KREB CYCLE)
ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CO2 + 2H2S + LIGHT ---> CH2O +2S + H20
OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + LIGHT ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
GLYCOLYSIS FORMULA
GLUCOSE + 2 ATP + 4 ADP + 4Pi + 2 NAD+ ---> 2 PYRUVIC ACID + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H20
KREB CYCLE FORMULA
2 ACETYL COA + 6 NAD + H2O +2 FAD + 3 ADP + 2 Pi ---> 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2ATP + 4 CO2 + 6H+
ETC FORMULA
6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + H20 + ---> 6NAD+ +2 FAD + CO2 + 34 ATP
COMPLETE AEROBIC RESPIRATION FORMULA
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi --->6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - ALGAE, PLANTS
THLAKOIDS OF CHLOROPLAST
SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - CYANOBACTERIA
PHOTOSYNTHETIC STRUCTURES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CONVERSION OF LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
CARBON FIXATION
COVERSION OF CO2 TO SUGARS BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ELECTRON DONOR FOR OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS
WATER
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION (PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION)
ATP PRODUCTING PART OF PHOTOSYNTHSIS
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
USING LIGHT TO PHOSPHORYLATE ADP TO ATP
CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
ELECTONS RETURN TO CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT ABORBING, FOUND IN THYLAKOIDS OF CHOLORPLASTS
THYLAKOIDS
MEMBRANE OF CHLORPLAST, CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROPLAST
ORGANELLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PROTON MOTIVE FORCE
PUMPING OF PROTON ACROSS A MEMBRANE
ENERGY FOR PROTON MOTIVE FORCE
MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS DOWN A CHAIN
NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
PHOTOSYTHESIS PATHWAY WHERE E- ARE LOST TO H20 OR H2S
ELECTRON DONOR FOR ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS
H2 OR H2S
CHEMIOSMOSIS
USE OF PROTON GRADIENT TO MAKE ATP
LIGHT-INDEPENDENT (DARK REACTIONS)
USE OF ATP & E- TO REDUCE CO2 TO SUGAR
CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE
ANOTHER NAME FOR LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
METABOLIC PATHWAYS OF ENERGY USE
BIOSYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES, LIPIDS, AMINO ACIDS & NUCLEOTIDES
HOW MUCH ENERGY IS LOST TO HEAT
45%
WHAT IS ATP ENERGY IS USED FOR?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT, MOVEMENT, ANABOLISM
POLYSACCHARIDE BIOSYNTHESIS
USE OF ATP TO MAKE GLYCOGEN BY LINKING GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE
LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS
GLYCEROL FROM GLUCOSE + FATTY ACIDS FROM ACETYL COA
AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS
ASSEMBLED FROM INTERMEDIATES OF THE KREB CYCLE
PURINE & PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS
SUGARS + CARBON & NITROGEN FROM PHOSPHATE PATHWAY OR ENTENER-DOUDOROFF
AMPHIBOLIC PATHWAYS
BOTH CATABOLIC & ANABOLIC REACHINGS
INTEGRATION OF METABOLIS
WEB OF ANABOLIC & CATABOLIC JOINED BOY COMMON INTERMEDIATES
The energy for chemical reactions is stored where?
ATP