Microbiology Adaptive Immunity

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primary response

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First response to particular antigen, may take a week or more

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secondary response

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Immune system remembers pathogen on subsequent exposure

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Humoral immunity

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mediated by B cells, developed in bone marrow, some memory cells produced

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Cellular immunity

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Mediated by T cells, matures in thymus, T Cytotoxic and T Helper cells

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Plasma cells produce what

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antibodies

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B cells turn into what if activated

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plasma cells

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lymphoid system is designed for what

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to bring B and T cells in contact with antigens

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Lymphoid system includes

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lymphatic vessels, secondary lymphoid organs, primary lymphoid organs

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yes/no: The intestinal tract is a major arm of the immune system with large lymphoid follicles and antibody producing cells

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yes

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Lymphatic vessels

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Carry lymph to body tissues

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lymph nodes function to do what

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filter protein from lymph

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Secondary lymphoid organs

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Lymph nodes (Intestines), Spleen, Tonsils, Adenoids, Appendix

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Sites where lymphocytes gather to encounter antigens

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secondary lymphoid organs

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Primary lymphoid organs

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Bone marrow and thymus

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Location where stem cells destined to become B and T cells mature

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Primary lymphoid organs

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B cells mature in

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bone marrow

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T cells mature in

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thymus

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yes/no: Once mature, cells leave primary lymphoid organs and migrate to secondary lymphoid organs

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yes

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antigen

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a foreign molecule that elicits an immune response

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antibody is made of how many chains that are what type and bonded how

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4, amino acids, disulfide bonds

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which region is unique to each antibody

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variable region

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what region on an antibody binds to an antigen

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variable region also known as FAB

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Neutralization

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Prevents toxin from interacting with cell

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Immobilization and prevention of adherence

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Antibody bonding to cellular structures to interfere with function

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Agglutination and precipitation

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Clumping of bacterial cells by specific antibody

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Opsinization

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Coating of bacteria with antibody to enhance phagocytosis

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Complement activation

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Antibody bonding triggers classical pathway

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Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

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Multiple antibodies bind a cell which becomes target for certain cells

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Five classes of antibodies

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IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

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IgM (immunoglobulin M)

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First Ab to respond to infection, Structure: pentamer, Found on the surface of B lymphocytes as a monomer, Only Ab that can be formed by the fetus

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IgG (second response)

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Dominant Ab in circulation, monomer, Only Ab that can cross the human placenta, The antibody of memory

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IgA (third response)

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Found in secretions (mucosal surface) eg intestine, breast milk, tears, saliva

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IgD (fourth response)

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monomer, Maturation of antibody response

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IgE (fifth response)

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Barely detectable in circulation, Active in allergic reaction

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clonal selection

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Initiates multiplication of antigen specific antibodies

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clonal expansion

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Repeated cycles of cell division generates population of copied antibodies

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Naïve

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Have antigen receptor but have not encountered antigen

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Activated

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Able to proliferate, Have bound antigen

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Effectors

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Plasma cells, T helper and cytotoxic T cells

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Memory lymphocytes

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Memory cells responsible for seed and effectiveness of secondary response

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Macrophages are called

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antigen-presenting cells (APC)

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T Helper cell activates B cells to

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Produce plasma cells and memory B cells

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primary response

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Lag period of 10 to 12 days occurs before antibody detection in blood

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B cells can undergo Class switching which is

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B cell initially make IgM then changes to IgG

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Affinity maturation

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Antibody bonds antigen more tightly

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Class switching

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B cells initially programmed to differentiate into plasma cells, Helper T cells produce cytokines

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Characteristics of secondary response

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Memory cells responsible for swift effective reaction of secondary response, Vaccine exploits phenomenon of immunologic memory, Some memory B cells will differentiate into plasma cells, rapid production of antibodies

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T-independent antigens

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Activate B cells without helper T cells, Some polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides act as T-independent antigens

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General characteristics of T cells

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T cells never produce antibodies, T cells armed with effectors that interact directly with antigen, T cell receptor does not react with free antigen, Antigen must be present by APC

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MHC class I (major histocompatability complex)

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Bind endogenous antigen

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MHC class II (major histocompatability complex)

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Bind exogenous antigen

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Cytotoxic T cells

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Proliferate and differentiate to destroy infected or cancerous “self” cells, CD8 marker, Recognize MHC class I

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Helper T cells

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Multiply and develop into cells that activate B cells and macrophages, Stimulate other T cells, CD4 marker, MHC class II

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Functions of Tc (CD8) cells

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Induce apoptosis in “self” cells, Nucleated cells degrade portion of proteins

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Functions of TH (CD4) cells

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Orchestrate immune response

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Role of TH cells in B cell activation

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B cell proliferates and undergoes class switching, Also drives formation of B memory cells

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Role of TH cells in macrophage activation

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TH cells activate macrophages by delivering cytokines that induce more potent destructive mechanisms

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EDWARD JENNER

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Noticed that milkmaids who contracted cow pox did not get small pox, inoculated cox pox into James Phipps, he got cox pox, then he inoculated James with small pox and he did not get sick / coined the terms vaccination and virus

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Louis Pasteur

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developed a way to attenuate (reduce virulence) by passaging a pathogen through an animal (rabbit) / studied rabbies

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toxoids

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inactivated toxins used to protect against disease due to toxins produced by invading bacterium

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attenuated vaccine

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a weakened form of the pathogen that is unable to cause disease

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inactivaed vaccine

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a pathogen that is not able to replicate, they cannot cause infections