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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
One of the earliest researchers to explore the use of chemicals to kill microbial pathogens was |
Ehrlich |
|
The arsenic compound that proved highly effective in treating syphilis was called |
Salvarsan |
|
The first example of an antimicrobial drug synthesized in the laboratory was |
Salvarsan |
|
Prontosil effectively acted on streptococci when the drug was split by enzymes to produce |
sulfanilamide |
|
The use of Salvarsan and Prontosil to treat microbial infections were early examples of |
chemotherapy |
|
Penicillin was discovered by |
Fleming |
|
The most effective form of penicillin is |
G |
|
One of the earliest antimicrobials isolated from a bacterium was |
streptomycin |
|
Which of the following groups of microorganisms produces antibiotics? |
All choices are correct |
|
An antibiotic made by microorganisms and modified by chemists is called |
semi-synthetic |
|
The antimicrobials produced by some molds and bacteria are generally called |
antibiotics |
|
The toxicity of a given drug is expressed as the |
Therapeutic Index |
|
A high therapeutic index is |
less toxic to the patient |
|
Drugs that are bacteriostatic |
inhibit the growth of bacteria |
|
Antimicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix |
-cidal |
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Antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of microorganisms have the suffix |
-static |
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Antibiotics that affect various strains of Gram-positive bacteria are called |
broad spectrum |
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The rate of elimination of an antimicrobial is expressed as its |
half-life |
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Antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal flora are termed |
broad spectrum |
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Drugs that are more effective when taken together are called |
synergistic |
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If drugs are less effective when taken together than when each is taken separately, they are called |
antagonistic |
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Antimicrobials may produce |
All of the above |
|
Which of the following bacteria have an innate resistance to penicillin? |
Mycoplasma |
|
Which of the following drugs target peptidoglycan? |
All of the above |
|
All members of the penicillin family have |
beta-lactam rings |
|
Penicillin-binding proteins |
are enzymes AND are involved in cell wall synthesis |
|
Beta-lactamases |
break the beta-lactam ring |
|
The major classes of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis are |
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, AND macrolides |
|
Inhibitors of protein synthesis typically key in on |
ribosomes |
|
Which is true of aminoglycosides? |
They irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit AND they are bactericidal |
|
Fluoroquinolones typically target |
DNA gyrase |
|
Sulfonamide and trimethoprim are both |
examples of metabolic inhibitors AND folate inhibitors |
|
Folic acid is ultimately used in the synthesis of |
coenzymes |
|
Sulfonamides are similar in structure to |
PABA |
|
Sulfonamides work as |
competitive inhibitors |
|
Trimethoprim and sulfonamides have a |
synergistic effect |
|
Mycolic acids are targeted by isoniazid in the treatment of |
M. tuberculosis |
|
The lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a microorganism is the |
minimum inhibitory concentration |
|
The minimum bactericidal concentration is the lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial drug that kills ______ of a specific type of bacteria. |
99.9% |
|
The diffusion bioassay |
is similar in principal to the Kirby-Bauer test AND determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid |
|
Which test is used to determine the susceptibility of a microorganism to an antimicrobial? |
Kirby-Bauer test |
|
The zone size obtained in the Kirby-Bauer test is influenced by the drug's |
All of the above |
|
A commercial modification of the disk diffusion test is called the |
E test |
|
Bacteria may become antibiotic resistant due to |
All of the above |
|
Spontaneous development of resistance to a particular antimicrobial is difficult if the drug |
binds to several sites on the target molecule AND targets several different molecules |
|
The most common method of transfer of antimicrobial resistance is through the use of |
R plasmids |
|
Compliance problems are leading to a large increase in antibiotic resistant strains of |
Mycobacterium |
|
Antiviral drugs may target |
uncoating, nucleic acid synthesis AND viral assembly |
|
The target of most antifungal drugs is |
ergosterol |