Microbiology

Front 1

epidemiology

Back 1

how diseases spread

Front 2

etiology

Back 2

causes and origins of disease

Front 3

endemic

Back 3

always present, but not public health concern

Front 4

epidemic

Back 4

spike in occurrence, public health concern

Front 5

pandemic

Back 5

global increase in number, public health concern

Front 6

Vibrio cholerae

Back 6

toxin alters sodium pump in intestinal cells = fluid loss, entry is oral, colonizes in small intestine, John Snow and pump handle

Front 7

index case

Back 7

first person to become ill

Front 8

defenses against microbes

Back 8

chemical barriers (lysozyme in sweat and tears), skin, immune response

Front 9

What microbe does really well in colonizing the gut?

Back 9

E. coli

Front 10

commensals

Back 10

organisms that are benign, don't cause disease, part of the defense system, sometimes symbiotic

Front 11

pathogen

Back 11

cause disease, needs to penetrate host defenses to cause disease, some can infect host but not cause disease

Front 12

describe the general mechanism pathogens taken to cause disease

Back 12

exposure to pathogen --> adherence to skin, mucous membranes --> invasion, penetration through epithelium --> colonization and growth--> toxicity OR invasiveness (some start locally and eventually invade further parts) --> disease

Front 13

T/F: path to cause disease is the same among all organisms

Back 13

false

Front 14

infection

Back 14

pathogen that enters and begins growth; not disease

Front 15

disease

Back 15

any deviation from normal health; due to damage of host

Front 16

primary pathogen

Back 16

cause disease in normally healthy human

Front 17

opportunistic pathogen

Back 17

not problem to healthy host, but if host compromised, immune system can't protect itself and becomes susceptible for attack

Front 18

example of opportunistic pathogen

Back 18

AIDS virus

Front 19

pathogenicity

Back 19

organisms ability to cause disease
ex: easy to get the cold but not the chicken pox

Front 20

infectivity

Back 20

how easily it causes disease

Front 21

infectious dose

Back 21

minimal number of organisms to cause disease; cholera = millions of bacteria; typhoid = hundreds of bacteria

Front 22

why difference in infectious dose?

Back 22

ability of organism to colonize host; cholera sensitive to stomach acid, so needs millions to successfully colonize whereas typhoid is resistant to acid so doesn't need as much

Front 23

Hep A virus

Back 23

causes irritation, fever, fatigue, common in low sanitation; transmitted via fecal matter, low infectious dose

Front 24

why ok to eat fish but not shellfish

Back 24

shellfish are filterfeeders, so will get accumulation of Hep. A

Front 25

virulence

Back 25

how severe a disease is; measured by mortality

Front 26

lethal dose

Back 26

number of organisms to kill 50% of test population

Front 27

virulence of common cold

Back 27

low virulence, high infectivity

Front 28

virulence of ebola

Back 28

high virulence, high infectivity

Front 29

portal of entrance of Clostridium tetani

Back 29

breaks skin, enters wound, produces spores, (can be facultative or strict anaerobes), spores germinate in anaerobic condition

Front 30

how to differentiate e. coli from gut and pathogenic e. coli

Back 30

virulence factors

Front 31

virulence factors

Back 31

toxins, attachment (pili or other proteins), capsules, invasins (help colonization), proteins that invade immune system

Front 32

pathogenicity islands

Back 32

chromosomes or plasmid

Front 33

pathogen mode of transfer to other cells

Back 33

horizontal gene transfer such as conjugation, transduction

Front 34

uniqueness of pathogenicity islands

Back 34

different GC/AT ratios than rest of genome, groups of genes bordered by unique sequences that seem foreign

Front 35

adhesins

Back 35

attachment dealing with virulence factors; bind to specific target sites

Front 36

pili or fimbriae

Back 36

adhesins, used for attachment; very specific to particular pathogen; type I binds to mannose host, type III binds to red blood cells, type IV attaches and does twitch motility; composed of repeating subunits

Front 37

Neisseria gonorrheae

Back 37

invades host, attachment, retraction of pilus

Front 38

spreading factors of invasins and function

Back 38

hyaluronidase (holds cell together by depolymerizing hyaluronic acid), collagenase (breaks down collagen), streptokinase (converts plasmonogen to plasmin)