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255 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do cases of salmonellosis peak at Easter time?
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People give chicks as gifts and they can carry salmonella
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_________ food poisoning often occurs when protein rich foods are consumed, and with ham in particular because the bacteria are salt tolerant
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Staphylococcal
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Infection by Clostridium difficle causes lesions to form on the ________
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Intestinal Lining
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If cholera is left untreated, fluid loss thickens the blood, leading to ___________
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Shock & Coma
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___________ is the most dangerous of all foodborne intoxications
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Botulism
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____________ such as age or sanitary conditions, can make individuals more or less prone to food and waterborne illnesses
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Demographics
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Of all the food-borne intoxications in humans, none is more dangerous than _______________
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Botulism
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Name 2 conditions that botulinum toxin can treat
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1) Wrinkles
2) Hyperhidrosis |
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If your hands are red, wrinkled, and tender, and the skin is peeling, you are likely suffering from _____________
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Scalded skin
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Leptospira interrogans colonize the ___________ of infected animals
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Kidneys
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________ is the study of the causes or origins of disease
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Etiology
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In gram staining, bacteria that retain the initial stain, resulting in a purple color, are gram ______________ bacteria
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Positive
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________ E. coli causes diarrhea in infants, particularly where sanitation is lacking
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Enterophatogenic
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What role do protein spikes play for a virus?
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They help the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell
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In leptospirosis, _________ form when bacteria localize in the lymph nodes and hemorrhaging occurs.
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Rose spots
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Chancroid causes __________
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Genital ulcers
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Human ____________ ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrilchia chaffeensis
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Monocytic
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True or False:
All cells in a pure colony are identical to the original cell. |
True
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True or False:
There is a Lyme disease vaccine available for dogs and cats |
False
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__________ is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
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Lyme Disease
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Hansen Disease is also commonly known as ___________
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Leprosy
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The microbe Ureaplasma urealyticum can colonize the ____________ during pregnancy, causing miscarriage or premature birth.
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Placenta
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Endospores from Clostridium perfringens enter the body from contaminted dirt through a severe open wound and cause ___________
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Gas gangrene
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Ms.Mallon, infamously known as, ___________, knowingly exposed numerous families and hospital patients with Salmonella enterica Typhi when she served as a cook and refused treatment for her infection.
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Typhoid Mary
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True or False:
Most nosocomial disease are caused by opportunistic organisms the patients already have. |
True
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True or False:
Leptospira interrogans is a bacillus. |
False
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Patients with tetanus can experience violent deaths due to __________ and seizures in the diaphragm and rib cage.
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Spasmodic inhalation
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___________ is a disease of the eyes and is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness
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Trachoma
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True or False:
Anthrax is primarily endemic to large, domestic herbivores like cattle, sheep, and goats |
True
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Rickettsial infections are transmitted by ____________
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Arthropods
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A(n) ___________ occurs when a fertilized egg develops outside the womb, often in a fallopian tube
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Ectopic pregnancy
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True or False:
In epidemic typhus, symptoms can include delirium |
True
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True or False:
Since receptor sites vary from person to person, some people are more susceptible to a certain virus than others |
True
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__________ refers to the growth of bacterial cells in the blood
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Septicemia
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What is the role of interferons?
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They alert neighboring cells to a viral infection
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What is the type of exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum?
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Neurotoxin
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Syphilis is caused by _________ palladium
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Treponema
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Tetanospasmin inhibits compounds needed to inhibit ___________
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Muscle contraction
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In the condition gas gangrene, large amounts of gas accumulate under the ________, causing a cracking sound.
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Skin
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Normally, the body surrounds a tumor with a capsule of connective tissue resulting in a _______ tumor
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Benign
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Mycoplasmal urethritis is caused by Mycoplasma ________
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Hominis
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__________ is the second most reported of all types of foodborne illnesses.
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Infant botulism, also known as __________, frequently occurs when an infant is fed _____________
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Floppy baby syndrome, honey
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Epidemic relapsing fever is caused by ____________ recurrentis
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Borrelia
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The ____________ cycle occurs when a bacteriophage inserts its DNA into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage
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Lysogenic
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_________ prevents the spread of viral infections by binding to receptors on host cells, triggering them to produce antiviral proteins
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Interferons
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True or False:
Pink eye can be transmitted via air droplets |
True
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A contaminated sandwich made of cold cuts and soft cheeses may cause you to get ___________
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Listeriosis
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Is bacteria singular or plural?
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Plural
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Why is the nickname for Chlamydia the Silent Disease?
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85-90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic
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True or False:
People who have shigellosis can recover and become carriers for six months or more. |
False
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A(n) ________ is a circumscribed pus filled lesion
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Abscess
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True or False:
When plague is detected early, antibiotics can be used to effectively treat it. |
True
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You are visiting a friend and they prepare you a delicious meal of unpasteurized milk, juice, sprouts, lettuce, and salami. A few days later you realize you may be infected with E.coli because you are suffering from hemorrhagic _________
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Colitis
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True or False:
Vibrio cholerae is susceptible to stomach acid, but high numbers of them can survive and colonize the intestines. |
True
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T-even group ________ are virulent viruses that carry out a lytic cycle of infection
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Bacteriophages
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Epidemic relapsing fever is an infection that occurs when a ___________ is crushed into its bite wound.
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Body louse
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A _________ is a raised itchy bump that resembles an insect bite.
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Papule
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How do ticks transmit Lyme disease?
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By defecating into the bite wound
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Name 2 locations in the kitchen where cross contamination of foods can occur.
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1) Cutting board
2) Knife |
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The early localized stage of Lyme disease involves a slowly expanding red rash that resembles a bull's eye, also known as erythema _________, at the bite site
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Migrans
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What is the difference between a furuncle and a carbuncle?
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A furuncle is an abscess and a carbuncles is a group of deep connected abscesses
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_________ is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi
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Typhoid fever
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True or False:
Heating Staphylococcus aureus toxins at 100C for 30 min will not denature them. |
True
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The ____________ is the protein coat of a virus
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Capsid
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Proliferation of pathogenic __________ bacteria is usually suppressed by natural host resistance.
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Endogenous
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Septicemic cases of plague can progress to the lungs and cause _______ plague
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Pneumonic
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True or False:
Urinary tract infections can occur in the urethra, bladder, and/or kidneys |
True
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__________ are protooncogenes captured in the viral genome that reproduce with the virus.
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V-oncogenes
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Pasteurella multocida is common in the pharynx __________ and can be transmitted to humans via a bite
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Dogs and Cats
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Overuse of _____________ can eliminate intestinal bacterial species that keep pathogens in check
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Antibiotics
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__________ tularensis, an extremely virulent bacillus causes tularemia
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Francisella
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__________ occurs in people who work with animal hides and wool
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Inhalation
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A(n) _________ is a narrow zone of redness that surrounds a papule in a chancroid infection
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Erythema
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Among health agencies, CDC stands for ___________
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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True or False:
The immune system does not react against an infection with the organism that causes Leprosy |
True
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___________ is an inflammation and swelling of the cornea
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Keratitis
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T-even bacteriophages are virulent viruses that carry out a ______ cycle of infection
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Lytic
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The __________ body is the noninfectious phase of Chlamydia
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Reticulate
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True or False:
Back pain is a symptom of a UTI |
True
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__________ causes anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis
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You are working on a super cool research project here in the US studying rats when one of your subjects playfully bites you. You may end up developing a condition called _______________
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Rat-bite fever
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Some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been linked to ____________
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Infant botulism
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The _____________ is one of the most common and useful staining techniques in the microbiology lab
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Gram stain
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Human _____________ ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrilchia phagocytophila
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Granulocytic
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Haemophilus aegyptius causes a condition known commonly as ___________
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Pink eye
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___________ anthrax occurs through the consumption of contaminated, undercooked meet and has up to a 60% mortality rate
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Intestinal
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Cholera is caused by ____________
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Vibrio cholerae
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A(n) ___________ is a group of connected deep abscesses
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Carbuncle
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Rickettsia typhi is carried by oriental rat fleas that feed on _________ and deposit the organism into the world
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Human skin
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Give one example of a transmissible spongiform ecephalopathy.
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Mad Cow Disease
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Gram positive microorganism have higher ___________ and lower _________ content than Gram negative bacteria
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Peptidoglycan
Lipid |
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Name one disease that can result when Yersinia pestis bacili spread to the bloodstream from the lymph nodes
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Septicemic plague
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__________ occurs when tumor cells break free from a capsule and spread to other tissues of the body
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Metastasis
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How do you contract cholera?
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Contaminated water
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___________ anthrax accounts for 95% of all anthrax infections, occurs through the contact of skin abrasions with spore contaminated animal products
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Cutaneous
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The capsid of a virus is made up of __________ and gives the virus its shape
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Capsomeres
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__________ is a diffuse inflammation of the connective tissues of the skin
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Cellulitis
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A _________________ is a substance that damages, destroys, or impairs the functioning of nervous tissue
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Neurotoxin
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___________ is a condition in which there is yellowing of the whites of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes caused by the bile pigment in the blood
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Jaundice
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___________ are illnesses in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body
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Infections
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Most outbreaks of ___________ are related to home canned foods or from foods eaten cold
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Botulism
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A _________ is a natural host or habitat of a pathogen
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Reservoir
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Name 5 things that transmit Salmonella typhi
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1) Flies
2) Food 3) Fingers 4) Feces 5) Fomites |
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A _________ is a collection of symptoms
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Syndrome
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A guy walks into an emergency room at midnight complaining of food poisoning. He says he ate a weird tasting sandwich for lunch that day. What is he likely infected with?
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Clostridium perfringens
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True or False:
Intoxication usually has a brief incubation period, but a long duration |
False
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Describe 2 ways in which food and water can become contaminated
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1) Fruits and vegetables can be washed in contaminated water
2) Infected humans can contaminate food they handle through the fecal oral route |
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True or False:
Gastroenteritis caused by salmonellosis requires a large infectious dose. |
True
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Guillain Barre Syndrome is a rare ____________ disease that may develop from a campylobacter infection
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Nervous system
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___________ are illnesses in which bacterial toxins are ingested in food or water
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Intoxications
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___________ is normally found in the human intestine, but certain serotypes are pathogenic
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Escherichia coli
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___________ causes gastric ulcers
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Helicobacter pylori
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___________ is a blood disease involving high numbers of infected monocytes
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Septicemia
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___________ is a syndrome manifested by waves of intense abdominal cramps and frequent passage of small volume, bloody mucoid stools
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Dysentery
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Infections are illnesses in which __________ are ingested and grow in the body
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Live bacterial pathogens
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The most common mode of transmission of Staphylococcus aureus is via _____________
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Boils or abscesses on a food handler's skin
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How can contamination of public water sources, like swimming pools occur?
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Defecation of infected individuals
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___________ is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US
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Campylobacter jejuni
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True or False:
Half of the world's population is infected with H.pylori |
True
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True or False:
Listeriosis is not transmissible from person to person |
True
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____________ species can cause flu like symptoms in people who work with large ruminant animals
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Brucella
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A non-invasive ______________ is used to detect the presence of H.pylori
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Urea breath test
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Brucellosis is also called _________ because of a specific fever pattern
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Undulant fever
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In the US, shigellosis is primarily caused by ___________
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Shigella sonnei
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Last week your friend returned from a tropical vacation out of the country and is now complaining of diarrhea. You suggest he get checked for _________ E. coli
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Enterotoxigenic
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A(n) ____________ is a general term for a toxin that take effect in the intestines
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Enterotoxin
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Bacillus cereus can cause diarrhea or vomiting and infections usually occur from eating contaminated cooked __________
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Grains
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____________ is the time between consumption of contaminated material and the appearance of symptoms
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Incubation period
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____________ is the number of organisms consumed to give rise to symptoms of an illness
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Infectious dose
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Name 3 bacterial species that secrete exotoxins, which can cause life threatening diseases.
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1) Clostridium botulinum
2) Clostridium perfringens 3) Staphylococcus aureus |
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Intoxications are illnesses in which _________ are ingested with food and water
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Bacterial toxins
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The key reservoir to Staphylococcus aureus is the _____________
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Human nose
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_________ refers to the lack of an adequate immune response resulting from disease, exposure to radiation, or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs
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Immunocompromised
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In 1990, there was an outbreak of _________ in Georgia linked to raw chitterlings (pork intestines)
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Yersinia
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_________ causes unrelenting loss of fluid and electrolytes through diarrhea (up to 1 L/hr)
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Cholera toxin
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________ causes botulism
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Clostridium botulinum
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True or False:
Antibiotics and restoration of water and electrolyte to balance are effective in treating Cholera |
True
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___________ is transmitted by oysters and clams and can cause a deadly systemic infection with necrotic skin lesions and cellulits
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Vibrio vulnificus
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True or False:
Infections have shorter incubation periods than intoxications because the bacteria need time to establish themselves |
False
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Listeriosis is caused by ________
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Listeria monocytogenes
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A patient is diagnosed with Salmonella typhi and begins showing rose spots on the abdomen. What are the roses spots indicative of?
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Blood hemorrhage
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True or False:
Botulism can be treated with antibiotics |
False
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A Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection is characterized by a skin rash that reflects damage to small blood vessels, and it can progress to a _________ rash
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Maculopapular
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Tetanus is caused by __________
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Clostridium tetani
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Bacteria in soil have to withstand environmental extremes so they often form ___________
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Endospores
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Name 2 treatments for gas gangrene.
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1) Amputation
2) Antibiotics |
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Endemic relapsing fever is transmitted by Ornithodoros ticks that cohabitate with __________
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Rodents
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Human monocytic ehrlichiosis is transmitted by the __________ tick
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Lone Star
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________ refers to lockjaw
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Trismus
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________ refers to muscle spasms causing arching of the back
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Opisthotonus
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________ refers to a fixed smile
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Risus sardonicus
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Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis is transmitted by which 2 kinds of ticks?
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1) Dog ticks
2) Deer ticks |
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During WWI, about 1 million soldiers were infected by body lice with the disease __________ fever
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Trench
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True or False:
Tetanus is one of the least dangerous human diseases |
False
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Patients with tetanus can experience violent deaths due to _________ and seizures in the diaphragm and rib cage.
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Spasmodic inhalation
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True or False:
The early disseminated stage of Lyme disease begins days after a tick bite |
False
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Name one specific disease caused by Rickettsia typhi.
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1) Endemic typhus
2) Mexican typhus 3) Murine typhus |
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Ever since you got a great job taking care of rabbits, you have been showing signs of respiratory illness, swollen lymph nodes, and pain under the breastbone. You believe you must be suffering from ___________ tularemia
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Inhalation
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_______ refers to a disease that is endemic to a population of animals
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Enzootic
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Symptoms of Ehrilichial infections, which cause lower white blood cells, are similar to that of Lyme disease except that ___________
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They come and go more quickly
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Gas gangrene, also known as _____________, causes massive tissue damage when blood flow ceases to a part of the body
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Myonecrosis
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__________, carried by ticks and lice causes infected individuals to go through periods of fever and chills interspersed with recovery.
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Relapsing fever
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Epidemic typhus is a deadly disease is transmitted by the feces of __________, that flourish when sanitation and hygiene is poor
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Body lice
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True or False:
The mortality rate for leptospirosis is high. |
False
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A __________ lesion is a rash in which pink spots fuse together into a broad base that slopes from a raised center
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Maculopapular
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When a wound is ________, it refers to the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue
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Debrided
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The first phase of leptospirosis involves flu-like symptoms and _________
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Conjunctivitis
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Animals ingest anthrax endospores during grazing and once inside the animal, the spores become active __________ cells
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Vegetative
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If left untreated, the late stage of Lyme disease occurs months to years later and involves chronic ___________
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Arthritis
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________ is also known as tsutsugamushi fever
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Scrub typhus
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_________ is the term for a disease characterized by sudden fever and circulatory collapse, and was not well known until 1980 when outbreaks occurred in women who used a particular brand of highly absorbent tampons
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Toxic shock syndrome
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A(n) _______ is a boil, a warm painful abscess below the skin surface
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Furuncle
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About 30% of ___________ that live along the Gulf Coast of the US are carriers of leprosy
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9 banded armadillos
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_______ vaginosis is the most common form of vaginitis
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Bacterial
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Actinomyces israelii infects tissues following ___________
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Trauma
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_______ is a general term for various mild infections of the vagina or vulva
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Vaginitis
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True or False:
About 45% of the world's population is immune to leprosy |
False
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________ is an inflammation of the membrane lining the abdomen
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Peritonitis
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True or False:
Chlamydia trachomatis can be transmitted by flies |
True
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Gonorrhea is caused by ________ gonorrhoeae
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Neisseria
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Among health agencies, WHO stands for ___________
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World Health Organization
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Cat-scratch disease is associated with the microbe _____________ henselae
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Bartonella
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True or False:
At least 600 species of bacteria inhabit the human mouth. |
True
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You have sustained an intestinal injury, and are now suffering from abdominal abscesses. You may be infected with Bacteroides _________
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Fragilis
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Cyclists and other athletes who wear tight fitting clothing are more likely to develop ___________
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Urinary tract infections
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Name one condition that Gonorrhea can cause in females if it spreads to the fallopian tubes.
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1) Ectopic pregnancy
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Name 2 things that cause dental caries.
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1) Dietary carbohydrates
2) Acidogenic |
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Infection by Clostridium difficle causes pseudomembranous ____________
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Colitis
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The major cause of dental caries is ____________ mutans
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Streptococcus
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Pyelonephritis is an infection of the ______________
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Kidneys
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__________ is often caused by Haemophilus aegyptius
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Bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye)
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The _________ body is the infectious phase of Chlamydia
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Elementary
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In tertiary syphilis, name one thing gummas can cause.
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Insanity
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Ureaplasmal _________ causes symptoms that are similar to those of gonorrhea and chlamydia, but are often milder
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Urethritis
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Nocardia asteroides causes ____________ when inhaled
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Pneumonia
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Yaws is caused by Treponema ___________
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Pertenue
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Newborns can contract chlamydial opthalmia or chlamydial _________ during delivery
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Pneumonia
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The common name for Yaws is _________
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Frambesia
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Congenital syphilis can lead to birth defects like the condtion _________ which includes deafness, impaired vision, and notched peg shaped teeth
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Hutchinson's triad
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Name one physical result of having leprosy
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Loss of facial features
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True or False:
Some females who have Gonorrhea are asymptomatic |
True
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Why are nosocomial infections common?
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Many patients are already immune compromised when they enter a health care facility making them more susceptible
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Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia ____________
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Trachomatis
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Tissue samples from lesions produced by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis reveal masses of bacterial cells called __________ bodies within white blood cells
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Donovan
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Who are the only host for syphilis?
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Humans
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True or False:
Pink eye can be transmitted via air droplets |
True
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If you have an infection of Chlamydia trachomatis, your upper eyelid can turn in, causing abrasions on your ________ with your eyelashes
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Cornea
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_________ is a skin infection that is common in children and involves oozing blisters in the epidermis
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Impetigo
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Primary syphilis is characterized by a _________ where the bacteria entered the body
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Chancre
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Your colleague is working on a super cool research project in Asia studying rats, when one of their subject playfully bites them. They may become infected with __________ minus.
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Spirillum
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Chancroid is caused by Haemophilus _________
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Ducreyi
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Dental caries is commonly known as ________
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Tooth decay
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Leprosy is spread from person to person through _____________
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Nasal secretions
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The singular of bacteria is _________
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Bacterium
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True or False:
Most oral bacteria in biofilms are aerobic. |
False
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If your hands are red, wrinkled, and tender, and the skin is peeling, you are likely infected with the microbe _____________
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Scalded skin syndrome
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_________ vaginalis causes bacterial vaginosis
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Gardnerella
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Oral biofilms contain salivary _________, food debris, and bacterial cells and products
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Proteins
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Infants can contract gonococcal _______ while passing through the birth canal
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Ophthalmia
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Gonorrhea is commonly known as __________
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The Clap
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Relapses of secondary syphilis can occur during _________ stage
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Chronic latent
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Name 2 parts of the body, aside from the reproductive organs, that Gonorrhea can affect
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1) Eyes
2) Rectum |
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___________ inguinale is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
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Granuloma
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___________ are microbes that are resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics
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Superbugs
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What is the common name for Chlamydial urethritis?
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Chlamydia
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The organism that causes Chlamydia is a(n) ____________ parasite
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Obligate energy
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Viruses often causes disease by ____________
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Taking over a host cell's machinery for their own use
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Why don't antibiotics work against virueses?
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Viruses lack the elements that antibiotics need to interfere
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Who estimates 60-90% of human cancers are associated with ________
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Carcinogens
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A ___________ is a clone of abnormal cells
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Tumor
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________ are tiny fragments of RNA that cause diseases in crop plants
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Viroids
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________ is the term used to describe the fact that many viruses infect certain cell or tissue types within the host
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Tissue tropism
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The ________ cycle occurs when a bacteriophage inserts its DNA into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage
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Lysogenic
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__________ is the separation of the viral capsid from the genome as it enters the host
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Uncoating
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__________ is an uncontrolled growth and spread of cells
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Cancer
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Retroviruses use _________ to transcribe their RNA to DNA
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Reverse transcriptase
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A bacteriophage is a ________ that infects a bacterium
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Virus
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_______ occurs when tumor cells break free from a capsule and spread to other tissues of the body
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Metastasis
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Viruses are small, __________ parasites
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Obligate intracellular
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A(n) ___________ is a completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell.
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Virion
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__________ is associated with cervical cancer
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Human Papilloma
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T-even group bacteriophages are virulent viruses that carry out a _____ cycle of infection
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Lytic
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Animal viruses attach to host _______ via spikes on the capsid or envelope
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Plasma membrane
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Viruses lack the machinery for generating _________
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Energy
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The __________ theory suggests that protooncogenes normally reside in the chromosomal DNA of a cell, but they can be transformed to oncogenes if they are exposed to radiation or carcinogens.
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Oncogene
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Viruses are nonliving agents composed of __________ & ________
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Nucleic acid & Protein
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The capsid of a virus with its enclosed genome is called a __________
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Nucleocapsid
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The host range for a virus depends on its _________ structure
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Capsid
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A ____ is a clone of abnormal cells
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Tumor
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Some DNA viruses and retroviruses insert their genome into the host chromosome as a ___________
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Provirus
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True or False:
Latent proviruses can still be attacked by the host body's defenses. |
False
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True or False:
The viral genome contains either DNA, but no RNA. |
False
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________ viruses are composed only of a nucleocapsid
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Naked
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A ________ refers to which organisms a virus can infect
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Host Range
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