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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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carbohydrate |
(CH2O)n - (CH2O)6 |
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lipids |
H,C, - HYDROCARBON - can contain phosphate (P) |
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proteins |
C,H,O,N - sometimes Sulfur |
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nucleic acid |
C,H,O,N, usually P - not proteins - large molecules - made of Adenosine, Thymidine, Cytosine, Guanidine, Uiridne |
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all living organisms need |
carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucelic acids |
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rhizobium |
bacterium that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into amonia (NH3) useful for plants, plants are then eaten by animals, produce protein |
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adenosine -P-P-P |
ATP - nucelic acid |
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thymidine-P-P-P |
TTP - nucleic acid |
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NICOTINAMIDE |
NAD+ -dinonucleotide -adenine - need vitamin niossin to make NAD+ |
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FAD+ |
flanin - adenine - dinonucelotide - needs riboflavor |
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all cells need |
glucose |
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starch- maltose- glucose |
enzyme to get monomer |
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lactose-(through lactase)=glucose=(through lactase)-galactose |
enzyme to get monomer |
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sucrose- sucrase- glucose- fructose |
enzyme to get monomer |
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glycolysis |
C6H12O6+2ATP+ 2NAD+ 2P+2ADP - make 2 pyruvic acid - 4 atp, net growth 2 atp - make 2 NADH - 2(C3H4O3)+4ATP+2NADH |
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you can digest |
amylase, amylopectin |
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you cant digest |
fiber (amylose) PROPIONIC ACID, - allows the absorption of electrolytes Butyric acid - prevent cancer |
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glycolysis |
glucose = 2 pyruvic acid to make 2 ATP, picks up 2 NAD to make 2 NADH, (NAD is essential to pick up hydrogen) - oxidation reaction (generation of energy) thus must have a reduction simultaniously - remove electrons = oxidation - |
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oxidation reaction needs |
reduction reaction |
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2 pyruvic acid make what by fermentation process( oxidation of glucose and final electron acceptor is endogenies(molecule the cell made)) |
lactic acid - c3h6o3 - makes ethanol and co2 |
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fermentation process final electron acceptor is |
endogenies(molecule the cell made)) |
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industrial microbio |
application of screening, improvement , management,and exploitation of microorganisms for the production of various useful end products on a large scale. |
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fermentation |
any spoilage of food by microorganisms - any process that produces alcoholic bevs or acidic dairy prodcuts |
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large scale cell culture occur with or without air - releases energy from a sugar using an endogenous electron acceptor -does not use an ETC |
fermentation |
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lactic acid |
streptococcus, lactococcus, lactobacillus |
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ethanol and co2 |
saccharomyces |
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propioinc acid and co2 |
propionibacterium |
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acetone butyl alcohol |
clostridium |
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fermentation products |
lactic acid, ethanol +co2, propionic acid+co2, acetone butyl alcohol |
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ethanol |
corn is the carb source used by yeast for fermentation |
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weizmann found |
acetone and butyric acid made by clostridium |
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fermented foods |
- soy sauce - miso from aspergillus and zygosaccharomyces - salad: olives from leuconstoc and lactobacillus, mushroom, vinegar - yogurt - sausage - poi - cabbage from lactovacillus planatrum - tape |
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20k years ago problems |
- seasonal availability of food - spoilage - disease - used fermentation |
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acetic acid |
use ethanol and make vinegar (acetic acid) |
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energy burns |
ya
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glycolysis end products |
- 2 pyruvic acid - 2 nadh |
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remove carbon from pyruvic acid to make |
acetyl - coenzyme a
- in doing this 2 co2 are removed |
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glycolysis takes 1 glucose and makes |
2 (3 carbon) pyruvic acids and produces 2 ATP + 2 NADH |
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the enzymes of glycolysis extract some of the |
potential energy stored in glucose- this process yeilds 2 atp and 2 nadh |
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4C compound + 2 acetyl coenzyme a |
citric acid (6C compound) |
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glycolysis requires an input of |
2 atp to activate glucose |
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at end of glycolysis |
4 atp are produced, but net yield is 2 atp |
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glycolysis doesnt require |
oxygen |
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yield of glycolysis |
2 atp, 2 electron carrying nadh, 2 pyruvates |
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4 c + 2 acetyl coenzyme a = |
krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid |
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h2o + pyruvic acid = co2- produces 2 ATP + 6NADH +2FADH2 |
in citric acid cycle |
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glucose- pyruvic acid- kreb cycle (citric acid) |
ya |
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reactions of krebs cycle and electron transpor tchain require |
oxygen gas- yield more atp than glycolysis |
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during krebs cycle the 2 acetyl coa molecules are oxidized yielding |
4 CO2 , 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FDAH2 |
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bacterial cell citric acid cycle takes place in |
cytoplasm |
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in bacterial cell glycolysis occurs |
cytoplasm |
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2 pyruvates moleucles produced in glycolysis undergo an oxidation reaction as they enter the |
mitochondrion- at same time NAD+ is reduced to NADH- through this process each pyruvvate molecule ( now with 2 carbons) is converted into acetyl CoA molecule |
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during krevs cycle the 2 acetyl coa molecules are oxidized yielding |
4 CO2 , 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FDAH2 |
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aerobic respiration final electron acceptor is |
molecular oxgen |
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anaerobic respiration final electron acceptor is |
? |
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aerobic respiration of one glucose moleucles has yielded only |
4 atp |
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at end of citric acid cycle there have been |
10 nadh produced |
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3rd stage in cellular respiration |
electron transport chain |
