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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What syndrome first appeared in the US in 1981 that involved the development of certain opportunistic infections, including fungal pneumonia and Kaposi sarcoma?
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ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
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What does AIDS stand for?
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ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
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__________ is responsible for HIV disease and AIDS
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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
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What does HIV stand for?
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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
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What scientist isolated the AIDS infectious agent from a patient?
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LUC MONTAGNIER
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What scientist discovered how to grow the AIDS virus in culture and published evidence that HIV caused AIDS?
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ROBERT GALLO
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__________ is an enzyme that synthesizes a DNA molecule from the code supplied by an RNA molecule: copying a single stranded RNA into a double-stranded DNA
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REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
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_________ is a protein found between the capsid and envelope that facilitates viral penetration
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MATRIX PROTEIN
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The _________ is the protein coat of a virus particle
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CAPSID
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_________ is the second type of HIV, which develops more slowly than HIV-1
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HIV-2
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When the new HIV virions then "bud" from the host cell to infect other cells, the infected individual now has a ____________
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HIV INFECTION
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What is a virion?
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A COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED AND INFECTIOUS VIRUS OUTSIDE ITS HOST CELL
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__________ are cells which are the backbone of immune system defenses
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T LYMPHOCYTES
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What are T Lymphocytes also called and why?
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CD4+ T CELLS BECAUSE THEY HAVE A PROTEIN, CD4, ON THE CELL SURFACE TO WHICH HIV ATTACHES
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__________ job is to mount an antibody response to infection
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B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS)
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What stages are referred to as HIV disease?
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STAGES I AND II
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__________ can include a flu-like illness within a month or two of exposure
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STAGE I
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__________ means the immune system is activated against the virus, and antibodies can be detected in the blood
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SEROVERSION
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In _________, the individual usually remains free of major disease, even without treatment
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STAGE II
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__________ occurs when the immune system loses the fight against HIV
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STAGE III
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_________ refers to a disorder caused by a microorganism that does not cause disease but that can become pathogenic or life-threatening if the host has a low level of immunity
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OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
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___________ is a technique to identify protein constituents such as from a virus
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WESTERN BLOT
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What blood test is used to detect antibodies in the blood?
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ELISA
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Blood tests using ___________ are used to detect antibodies in the blood
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ELISA
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___________ refers to the combination of 3 or more drugs used together
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HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART)
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What is the first drug used for treating HIV
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AZIDOTHYMIDINE (AZT)
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What interferes with reverse transcriptase activity?
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AZIDOTHYMIDINE (AZT)
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Name 2 reasons why a HIV vaccine has not yet been developed
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1) HIV CONTINUALLY MUTATES AND RECOMBINES, MAKING VACCINE DEVELOPMENT DIFFICULT
2) A VACCINE NEEDS TO ACTIVATE T LYMPHOCYTES, WHICH ARE THE CELLS INFECTED BY THE VIRUS |
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___________ is a blood disease, especially of antibody-producing B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen
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INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
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What is infectious mononucleosis sometimes called and why?
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KISSING DISEASE BECAUSE IT IS PREAD BY CONTACT WITH SALIVA
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What is a precursor of mononucleosis?
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EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS (EBV)
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__________ involves the infection of B lymphocytes
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EBV
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__________ is spread person-to-person via saliva or by saliva contaminated objects
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EBV
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_________ are damaged B cell with vacuolated and granulated cytoplasm
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DOWNEY CELLS
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_________ can be used to detect heterophile antibodies to EBV
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MONOSPOT TEST
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_________ are antibodies nonspecifically reacting with proteins or cells from unrelated animal species
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HETEROPHILE ANTIBODIES
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_________ is a tumor of the jaw that is prevalent in areas of africa associated with EBV
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BURKITT LYMPHOMA
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_________ are malignant tumors originating in a lymph node
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LYMPHOMAS
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_________ is a lymphoma of the lymph nodes and spleen
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HODGKIN DISEASE
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_________ is a muscle-weakening disease of the central nervous system
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MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
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__________ disease can produce serious birth defects
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CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
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Name 5 conditions associated with EBV
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• T CELL MALIGNANCIES
• B CELL LYMPHOMAS • HODGKIN DISEASE • MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS • BURKITT LYMPHOMA |
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_________ is a serious infection of the retina that can lead to blindness
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RETINITIS
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_________ is a global health problem formerly called serum hepatitis
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HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)
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What is the smallest known DNA virus
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HBV
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What does the virion of HBV consist of?
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A NUCLEOCAPSID SURROUNDED BY A CORE ANTIGEN (HBcAg) & AN ENVELOPE CONTAINING A SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg)
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_________ are instruments consisting of a fiber-like strand that are inserted through an incision for diagnostic or surgical procedures
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ENDOSCOPES
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_________ refers to the destruction (lysis) of cels
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CYTOLYTIC
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_________ is a condition in which bile pigments seep into the circulatory system, causing the skin and whites of the eyes to have a dull yellow color
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JAUNDICE
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_________ refers to an extensive hepatocellular inury
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CIRRHOSIS
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_________ refers to cancer of the liver tissue
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HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC)
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_________ causes liver disease in 123 million people worldwide, with the highest proportion in Asia and Africa
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HEPATITIS C
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_________ is caused by 2 viruses: HBV & the hepatitis D virus (HDV)
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HEPATITIS D
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What does HDV consist of?
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A PROTEIN FRAGMENT CALLED THE DELTA ANTIGEN AND A SEGMENT OF RNA
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_________ is a protein fragment found in the hepatitis D virus
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DELTA ANTIGEN
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_________ is also a chronic liver illness transmitted by blood or sexual contact
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HEPATITIS G
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_________ is caused by four families of RNA viruses
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VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS (VHFs)
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What are Flaviviruses also referred to as and why?
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ARBOVIRUSES BECAUSE THEY ARE ARTHROPODBORNE
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What is the first human disease associated with a virus?
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YELLOW FEVER
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_________ refers to a disease occurring within a specific area, region, or locale
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ENDEMIC
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_________ refers to a disease transmitted from animals to humans
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ZOONOSIS
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________ occurs in 4 types and takes its name from the Swahili word dinga
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DENGUE FEVER
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________ refers to drained of strength
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PROSTRATION
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In _______________, the immune system allows the new infection to replicate
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DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
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________ refers to the sensation of bones breaking
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BREAKING FEVER
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________ occurs when a rash from skin hemorrhages appears on the face and extremities and severe vomiting and shock ensue as the blood pressure decreases dramatically
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DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME
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Which Bunyaviridae virus occurs in the SW US?
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HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS)
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________ is caused by a strain of bantavirus that was named the Sin Nombre virus
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HANTAVIRUS DISEASE
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________ is transmitted by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus
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SANDFLY FEVER
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________ is named for an immense earthquake-prone region in eastern Africa that also affects livestock animals
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RIFT VALLEY FEVER
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_________ has occasional outbreaks in Africa, causing 50-90% mortality
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EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (EHF)
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What is possible reservoir of EHF?
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FRUIT BATS
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_________ refers to the natural host or habitat of a pathogen
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RESERVOIR
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_________ refers to the layer of cells lining body cavities
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ENDOTHELIAL
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_________ was first identified in the tissues of green monkeys
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MARBURG HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (MHF)
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_________ is caused by a zoonotic virus carried by rodents
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LASSA FEVER
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_________ is an acute inflammatory disease of the liver most commonly transmitted by food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected individual
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HEPATITIS A
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Which Arenaviridae fever occurs worldwide?
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CONGO-CRIMEA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
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Which Arenaviridae fever affects the regions of Brazil?
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OROPOUCHE FEVER & SABIA VIRUS
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Which Arenaviridae fever occurs on Argentina and Bolivia, respectively?
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JUNIN & MACHUPO
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Which Arenaviridae virus is associated with Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever?
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GUANARITO VIRUS
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Which family does Hepatitis A virus (HAV) belong to?
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PICORNAVIRIDAE family
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_________ is an opportunistic, emergent disease caused by a member of the Caliciviridae family
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HEPATITIS E
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_________ is a general name for a common illness occurring in both epidemic and endemic forms
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VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS
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_________ represents one of the world's deadliest infections in children
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ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS
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_________ are cells of the intestinal epithelium
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ENTEROCYTES
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_________ are a common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults
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NOROVIRUS INFECTIONS
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_________ are rapidly developing maculopapular skin rashes
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EXANTHEMAS
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__________ refers to sudden and severe symptoms of short duration
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FULMINATE
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Which infections can also cause viral gastroenteritis?
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ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS
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Which type of enterovirus infection occurs in many strains, with B4 & B5 associated with most commonly with gastroenteritis?
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COXSACKIE VIRUS
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_________ is notable for having the highest mortality rate of any human disease and is of Great Medical Importance worldwide
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RABIES
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Which form of rabies is accompanied by violent symptoms as the animal becomes wide eyed, drools and attacks anything in sight?
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FURIOUS RABIES
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Which form of rabies in which animals are docile and lethargic with few other symptoms?
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DUMB RABIES
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_________ refers to the "gray matter" which is the nerve tissue of the spinal cord and brain in which the virus infects
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POLIOMYELITIS
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_________ refers to the membranes surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
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MENINGES
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________ occurs when the virus passes through the bloodstream and localize on the meninges
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MENINGITIS
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In ___________, the viruses infect the medulla, affecting nerves in the neck, face and upper torso
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BULBAR POLIO
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________ are vaccines that contain all 3 strains of viruses of poliovirus
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TRIVALENT VACCINES
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_________ occurs in individuals who had the disease decades ago
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POSTPOLIO SYNDROME
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_________ is an acute inflammation of the brain
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ENCEPHALITIS
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_________ may be caused by a series of RNA viruses causing patients to suffer pain in the head and neck, convulsions, and coma
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ARBOVIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
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One form of encephalitis was named for the city it was first identified that is transmitted by mosquitoes
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ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS
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_________ is an emerging disease in the Western Hemisphere
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WEST NILE FEVER
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_________ is usually found in rodents, but can be transmitted to humans through urine and feces
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LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
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