• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/26

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
1. What are innate immune response?

What are adaptive or acquired immune response?

What drives adaptive immune responses?
Responses that do not involve triggering of antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes

Responses by specific subsets of lymphocytes

Triggering of lymphocytes through receptors that recognize antigens on the targets

**Acquired immune response usually result in immunologic memory
2. What are the major non-immunologic mechanisms of host defense to microbes?

Five things...
1. Physical barriers
-skin
-epithelial cells that line mucosal surfaces

2. Mechanical clearance mechanisms

3. Chemical barriers

4. Normal flora

5. Chemical antibacterial substances
3. What are four mechanical clearance mechanisms?
1. Ciliary epithelium in bronchial tree

2. Tears

3. Gastrointestinal motility

4. Urinary tract mucous
4. What are two chemical barriers?
1. Low pH of the stomach
-acidity is toxic to many microbes

2. Fatty acid in sweat and sebaceous secretions
5. How does the normal flora act as a barrier against pathogens?
1. Commensal and symbionts that reside in the skin and GI tract

2. Lactic acid in vaginal tract
6. What are some chemical antibiotic substances?
1. Lysozyme in milk, tears, urine, saliva

2. Lactoferrin
-iron binding protein in granules of neutrophils

3. Antibacterial peptides secreted from phagocytic and epithelial cells
7. What happens the first time you encounter a microbe which you have never seen before?
1. Innate immune response attempts to control growth of organism

2. Adaptive or acquired immune response appears about a week after the organisms are first encountered

*humoral and cellular immune responses that are antigen specific are induced

**antibodies and T cells mediate these responses
8. What are the first line of defense?

What are PMNs?

What do primary or azurophilic granules contain?

What do secondary granules have?

How is the lifespan of PMNs?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(PMNs or neutrophils)

Preformed granules that have an antibacterial arsenal

Myeloperoxidase

Lysozyme and lactoferrin

Short half-life (1 to 2 days)
9. What is the mononuclear phagocyte system?

How are their lifespan?
Monocyte to macrophage maturation

Long-lived (months to years)
10. What cells characterize acute inflammation?

What are examples?

How is the progression?

What cells characterize chronic inflammation?

What are examples?

How is the progression?
PMNs (pus)

Bacterial pneumonia, menigitis

Rapid

Macrophages & T cells
(mononuclear infiltrate)

Tuberculosis (granuloma formation)

Slow
11. How do phagocytes attack microbes?

Three ways...
1. Phagocytosis
-attachment
-ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Microbicidal mechanisms
12. How do phagocytes attach to microbes during phagocytosis?

What are examples of receptors on macrophages?

What enhances phagocytosis?
Non-specific interactions

CR3, scavenger receptors, toll-like receptors, CD14

Opsonins
(antibodies and complement components)
13. What is a phagosome formed during ingestion?

What is a lysosome?

What is a phagolysosome?

Which one kills microbes most often?
An invaginated vesicle that pinches off the cell membrane and encloses a microbe

A membranous vesicle that contains enzymes

Vesicle formed by the fusion of a phagosome containing a microbe and a lysosome

Phagolysosome
14. How are most reactive oxygen intermediates formed when neutrophils phagocytize?

When PMNs or macrophages ingest particles what are the metabolic consequences of phagocytosis?
(three things)
Via myeloperoxidase

1. Increase in glycolysis by the hexose monophosphate shunt

2. Increase in uptake of molecular oxygen

3. Increase in production of peroxide
15. What is the myeloperoxidase (MPO) system?

What are the two mechanisms?
Peroxide plus a halide

**microbicidal

1. Bacteria + H2O2 gives...
-HOCl (bleach)
-MPO

2. Chloramine formed on bacterial surface proteins
16. What is chronic granulomatous disease of childhood?

What characterizes this disease?

What do patients lack?

Therefore production of what is defection?
X-linked inherited killing defect of PMNs

Characterized by multiple granulomas due to infection

Lack NADPH oxidase

Superoxide and peroxide
17. What can CGD handle?

What are two examples?

What are CGD susceptible to?

What are three examples?
Handle normally
-peroxide+
-catalase-

Examples:
-streptococci
-hemophilus

Susceptible to:
-peroxide+
-catalase+

Examples:
-staphylococci
-E. coli
-Candida albicans
18. What gas is a microbicidal molecule generated by activated macrophages?

This combination of this gas plus superoxide produces what?
Nitric oxide (NO)

Peroxynitrite
**microbicidal
19. What are cationic proteins?

What do they do?
Large MW positively charges proteins present in primary granules of PMNS

Bind to outer membrane of gram-positive bacteria and form pores
20. What are defensins?

What are lysozymes?

What are they mostly in?
Small MW proteins that have antibiotic properties

**type of host antibiotic

Enzymes that break down microbial peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Mostly in PMNs
21. What are the microbicidal substances in phagocytes?

Six things...
1. Peroxide
2. Nitric Oxide (NO)
3. Peroxynitrite
4. Cationic proteins (PMNs)
5. Defensins (mostly PMNs)
6. Lysozymes (mostly PMNs)
22. What are some digestive enzymes in PMNs?

Seven examples...
1. Protease (Cathepsin G)
2. Elastase
3. Collagenase
4. Lipase
5. Ribonculease
6. Acid phosphatase
7. Alkaline phosphatase
23. What are natural killer (NK) cells?

Do they have antigen-specific receptors like T or B cells?

How do they kill target cells?

What cells do NK cells attack?

Why do they attack these cells?

What would NK cells be considered then?
Large granular lymphocytes

Do not have antigen-specific receptors

Kill by direct contact using molecules that are released from preformed granules

Either virally infected or tumor cells

They fail to express the molecules that activate the NK cell killer inhibitory receptors

**MHC Class I is absent so cell is not recognized as self

Part of discriminating pathway for telling difference between self and non-self
24. What are dendritic cells?

What do they do?

When they do this what is initiated?

What are dendritic cells considered to be?
Antigen presenting cells

Capture foreign proteins and present them to T cells

Initiate adaptive immune response

Bridge between innate and adaptive immuni†y
35. Describe the main cell types in acute versus chronic inflammation induced by bacteria.

What is the defect in the PMNs of chronic granulomatous disease patients that prevents them from killing certain microbes?
Acute: PMN
Chronic:
-monocyte
-macrophages
-lymphocytes

In the NADPH oxidase

**PMNs cannot make peroxide or superoxide
26. What are two peroxide-independent mechanisms by which phagocytes kill microbes?

What is a phagolysosome?

Do natural killer cells recognize specific microbial substances?
Defensins, cationic proteins, NO

Fused vesicle of a phagosome and a lysosome

No

**recognize absence of molecules that engage their killer cell inhibitory receptors