Microbiology (8/26/15) Notes

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Microscope

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An instrument to magnify the image of an object

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Compound Microscope

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Basic Types of Compound Micrscopes

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1). Bright- Field

2). Dark- Field

3). Phase Contrast

4). Fluorescence

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Bright- Field Microscope

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1). Cells absorb or scatter light

2). Contrast between specimens and background

3). 2 sets of lens; Ocular and objective

4). Parfocal

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Parfocal

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Once focused with one lense, the microscope can keep focus when switching to other lens

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Magnification

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1).The degree to which the viewed object is enlarged

2). The process of making the object appear larger

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Total Magnification

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(objective lens magnification) X (ocular lens magnification)

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Resolution

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The ability of a lens to distinguish 2 adjacent objects as separate and instinct entities

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Resolving Power

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1). Minimum distance between 2 distinguishable objects

2). Smaller resolving distance makes greater resolution

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Oil Immersion

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1). A technique used to increase the resolving power of a microscope

2). Immersing both the objective lens and the specimen in a transparent oil

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Contrast

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Difference in visual properties to make an object distinguishable from others or background

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What color are bacterial cells?

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Transparent/ Clear

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How to raise contrast to see bacterial cells

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1). Staining

2). Dark- field microscope

3). Phase Microscope

4). Fluorescent microscope

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Staining

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1). Dyes used to increase a cells contrast so they can be more easily seen

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Staining Techniques

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1). Simple staining

2). Differential Staining

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Simple Staining

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1). Apply one dye to cell or background

2). Make cell visible

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Differential Staining

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1). Applying at least two stains

2). Distinguish different parts of the cell

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Cell

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Smallest fundamental unit of all cellular organisms

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Four Key subcellular structures

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1). Plasma membrane

2). Cytoplasm

3). Nucleus/ Nucleoid

4). Ribosomes

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Plasma membrane

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1). A semipermeable barrier

2). Separates the inside of the cell from the outside

3). AKA cytoplasmic membrane and cell membrane

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Cytoplasm

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1). Substances and structures dissolved or suspended here

2). The fluid portion of a cell, bounded by the

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Nucleus/ Nucleoid

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1). a membrane- enclosed structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the cells DNA genome

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Ribosomes

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Protien- synthesizing factory

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Genome

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An organism's full complement of genes

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Macromolecules

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A polymer that occurs naturally in living organisms.

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Polymer

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A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

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Examples of macromolecules

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1). Nucleic acid

2). Polysaccharides

3). Lipids

4). Proteins

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Metabolism

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1). All biochemical reactions in a cell, both anabolic and catabolic

2). Carbon and energy source for cells

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Anabolic

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The phase of metabolism in which complex molecules are formed from simpler ones.

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Catabolic

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The breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones