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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genotype
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Genotype describes the genetic constitution of an individual
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Phenotype
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A phenotype describes any observed quality of an organism, such as its morphology, development or behaviour, as opposed to its genotype- the inherited instructions it carries which may or may not be expressed
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Auxotroph
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Mutant that differs from the wild type in requiring a nutritional supplement for growth. A deficiency mutant.
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Mutant
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A permanent transmissible change in the genetic material, usually in a single gene. Also, an individual exhibiting such a change.
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Prototroph (wild type)
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The parent from which an auxotrophic mutant has been derived. Contrast with auxotroph.
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Operon
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Groups of bacterial genes with a common promotor, that are controlled as a unit and produce mRNA as a single piece, polycistronic messenger. An operon consists of two or more structural genes, which usually code for proteins with related metabolic functions and associated control elements that regulate the transcription of the structural genes.
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Gene
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A set of DNA sequences (exons) that are required to produce a single polypeptide; In cells, genes consist of a long strand of DNA that contains a promoter, which controls the activity of a gene, and a coding sequence, which determines what the gene produces (protein vs RNA)
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Regulon
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A set of noncontiguous DNAs under control of one regulator. (ex. SOS Response)
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Cistron
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The sequence of DNA that codes for one polypeptide chain, including adjacent control regions.
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Replicon
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An individually replicating sequence of DNA.
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Operator
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An operator is a segment of DNA which regulates the activity of the structural genes of the operon that it is linked to, by interacting with a specific repressor or activator. It is a regulatory sequence for shutting a gene down or turning it "on".
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Repressor
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A repressor is a DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of one or more genes by decreasing the rate of transcription. This blocking of expression is called repression.
Repressor proteins are coded for by regulator genes. Repressor proteins then attach to a DNA segment known as the operator. By binding to the operator, the repressor protein prevents the RNA polymerase from creating messenger RNA. |
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Promoter
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A region of dNA near the 5' end to which rNA polymerase binds before initiating the transcription of DNA into rNA.
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Plasmid
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A small, independently replicating, piece of extrachromosomal cytoplasmic dNA that can be transferred from one organism to another; can be linear or circular
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Transposon
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Jumping genes: small, mobile dNA sequences that can replicate and insert copies at random sites within chromosomes. They have nearly identical sequences at each end, oppositely oriented (inverted) repeats and code for the enzyme, transposase, that catalyses their insertion
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Nucleoid
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The portion of a prokaryotic cell where dna is physically organized but not enclosed in a membrane
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Genophore
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genophore is the DNA of a prokaryote. This is commonly referred to as a prokaryotic chromosome. The term chromosome is misleading for a genophore because the genophore lacks chromatin; SUPERCOILED!
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Genome
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The total set of genes carried by an individual or cell; HUMAN: 6 BILLION BASE PAIRS, 30,000 GENES. BACTERIA 4 BILLION BASE PAIRS, 3,000 GENES.
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Virion
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A single virus particle, complete with coat (as opposed to a mature infection)
VIRION= Infectious Virus. VIRUS= Virion at any time. |
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Bacteriophage
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Viruses that have a specific affinity for and infect bacteria.
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Temperate Phage
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A bacteriophage that integrates its dNA into that of the host (lysogeny) as opposed to virulent phages that lyse the host.
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Prophage
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The chromosome of a lysogenic bacteriophage when it contains a phage DNA segment; the entire prophage replicates.
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Capsid
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A protein coat of a virus consisting of individual protein units (CAPSOMERES)
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Lysogeny
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The ability of some phages to survive in a bacterium as a result of the integration of their dna into the host chromosome. The integrated dna is termed a prophage.
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Lytic Cycle
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The general life cycle of a lytic virus, from infection of the host cell, hijacking of the host cells mechanisms, use of the host cells mechanisms to produce viral components, and assembly of the components into progeny viruses, to the destruction of the host cell by rupturing its plasma membrane (lysis) and the release of the progeny viruses so that they can spread and infect other cells.
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Lysogen
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A bacterial cell whose chromosome contains integrated viral dna.
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Progeny
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Offspring or descendants
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Induction
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Process by which a prophage releases viral DNA to allow it to replicate freely; a defense mechanism for viruses if host cell is dying.
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Burst size
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The number of phage particles produced per cell; all progeny in burst size are clone.
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Eclipse Phase
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From the time of intial infection to production of one intracellular virion.
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Latent Period
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From the time of intial infection to production of one extracellular virion.
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