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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is microbiology?
the study of microorganisms
Bacteriology
the study of bacteria
Virology
the study of viruses
cellular and acellular microbes
cellular (microorganisms) - bacteria, archaea, protozoa, some algae and some fungi
acellular (infectious particles) - viruses, prions
acellar microbes are not considered living entities whereas microorganisms are living
pathogen
a disease-causing microorganism
Indigenous microbiota
all species of microbes that live on or in the body that are mostly beneficial
opportunistic pathogens
microbes that colonize the body and normally do not cause disease but they have the potential to infect the body if:
1) they gain access to another part of the body
or
2) the body is weakened by some condition or disease
plankton
small microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea or fresh water, consisting chiefly of diatoms, algae, protozoans and small crustaceans
planktos - "wandering"
phytoplankton
microscopic aquatic plants
zooplankton
microscopic aquatic animals
two major types of disease caused by microbial pathogens
1) infectious disease - microbe colonizes the body and subsequently causes disease
2) microbial intoxication - ingestion of a toxin that has been produced by a microbe in vitro (outside the body)
difference: in an infectious disease - the pathogen is present in the body but absent in microbial intoxication, therefore ID cause more illness and disease than microbial intoxication
examples
infectious diseases - MRSA infection, gas gangrene
microbial intoxication - staphylococcal food poisoning, foodborne botulism
importance of microbes
are essential for life ie some microbes are capable of producing oxygen by a process known as photosynthesis (cyanobacteria, algae)
many microbes are involved in the process of decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms - substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter
some microbes are capable of decomposing industrial waste and thus are useful in bioremediation (cleaning up after the environment)
involvement in elemental cycles ie the nitrogen cycle - some bacteria covert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to ammonia, other soil bacteria convert ammonia to nitrates and nitrites while others convert the inorganic substances into nitrogen gas
important components of the food chain - algae and bacteria serve as food for tiny animals (ie planktons)
some microbes live in the intestinal tracts of animals, aiding in digestion of food and in some instances, producing products valuable to the host ( ie E. coli produces vitamins K and B1)
microbes are essential in the field of genetic engineering and biotechnology
some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics for treatment of infectious disease
in the study of cells
cause many diseases - the study of microbes is essential to determining treatment
define antibiotics
substances produced by microbes that are effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microbes
they are used in the treatment of infectious diseases
saprophtye
microbes that live on dead or decaying matter
germ theory of disease
the theory that specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases
what microbes are considered obligate intracellular pathogens/parasites?
Viruses, rickettsias, chlamydias
*cannot grow in artificial media
medically important cocci bacteria
Enterococcus spp.
Neisseira spp.
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
medically important bacilli bacteria
Enterobacter
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Salmonella
Shigella spp.
pseudomonas aeruginosa
bacillus spp.
clostridium spp.
important pathogenic gram positive bacteria
staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus pyogenes
streptococcus pneumoniae
corynebacterium diphtheriae
bacillus anthracis
clostridium botulinum
clostridium perfringens
clostridium tetani
important pathogenic gram negative bacteria
neisseira gonorrhoeae
neisseira meningitidis
neisseira pertusiss
bordetella abortus
chlamydia trachmatis
Escherichia coli
francisella tularensis
haemophilus ducreyi
haemophilus influenzae
klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus vulgaris
pseudomonas aeruginosa
rickettsia rickettsii
Salmonella typhi
salmonella spp.
shigella spp.
yersinia pestis
vibrio cholerae
treponema pallidum
acid-fast, gram variable
mycobacterium leprae
M. tuberculosis
microbiota of the skin
primarily bacteria and fungi
mainly anaerobes (which outnumber aerobes) living in deep layers of the skin, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands
most common bacteria: staphylococcus spp. ( s. epidermidis and aureas) corynebacterium and propionibacterium
drugs, calloused areas of the skin have fewer bacteria than moist folds
population is affected by temp pH salinity moisture location washing hygiene
microbiota of the ears and eyes
outer ear and auditory canal contain the same microorganisms found on the skin
middle and inner ear are usually sterile
microbes in the middle ear frequently cause infection
production of tears greatly reduces microbes found on eye surfaces
microbiota of the oral cavity
carelessness in dental hygiene causes growth of many bacteria with development of dental caries, gingivitis, and more severe periodontal disease
bacteria:
Actinomyces
bacteriodes
borrelia
corynebacterium
haemophilus
lactobacillus
neisseria
porphyromonas
prevotella
proprionibacterium
treponema
veillonilla
streptococcus
staphylococcus
most common: alpha hemolytic streptococcus spp.
cause of dental plague: streptococcus mutans