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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give two general functions of peptidoglycan
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Gives rigid support - protects against osmotic pressure
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How are Group A and Group B Strep primarily differentiated?
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Group A are Bacitracin sensitive - Group B are Bacitracin resistant
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How are the pathogenic Neisseria species differentiated?
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on the basis of sugar fermentation
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How are the species of Streptococcus primarily differentiated?
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on the basis of their HEMOLYTIC capabilities
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List the four phases of the bacterial growth curve.
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Lag phase - log (exponential) phase - stationary phase - death phase
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Name 2 G- rods that are considered slow lactose fermenters.
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Citrobacter and Serratia
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Name 3 G- rods that are considered fast lactose fermenters.
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1) Klebsiella 2) E. coli 3) Enterobacter
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Name 3 G- rods which are lactose nonfermenters and Oxidase(-)?
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Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus
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Name 4 bacteria that use IgA protease to colonize mucosal surfaces.
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1) Strep. pneumoniae 2) Neisseria meningitidis 3) Neisseria gonorrhea 4) H. flu
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Name 4 genus of bacteria that are G- 'coccoid' rods.
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1) H. flu 2) Pasteruella 3) Brucella 4) Bordetella pertussis
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Name 6 bacteria that don't Gram's stain well?
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Treponema - Rickettsia - Mycobacteria - Mycoplasma - Legionella pneumophila - Chlamydia
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Name four genus of bacteria that are G+ rods.
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1) Clostridium (an anaerobe) 2) Coynebacterium 3) Listeria 4) Bacillus
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Name seven G+ bacteria species that make exotoxins.
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1) Corynebacterium diphtheriae 2) Clostridium tetani 3) Clostridium botulinum 4) Clostridium perfringens 5) Bacillus anthracis 6) Staph. aureus 7) Strep. pyogenes
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Name three diseases caused by exotoxins.
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Tetanus - botulism - diptheria
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Name three G- bacteria species that make exotoxins.
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1) E. coli 2) Vibrio cholerae 3) Bordetella pertussis
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Name three Lactose-fermenting enterics
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Eschericia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
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Name two diseases caused by endotoxins.
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Meningococcemia - sepsis by G(-) rods
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Name two type of Strep that exhibit alpha hemolysis?
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S. pneumoniae - Viridans strep. (e.g. S. mutans)
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Name two types of Strep. that are non-hemolytic (gamma hemolysis).
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Enterococcus (E. faecalis) and Peptostreptococcus (anaerobe)
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Name two types of Strep. that exhibit beta hemolysis.
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Group A Strep. (GAS) and Group B Strep. (GBS)
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Teichoic acid induces what two cytokines?
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TNF and IL-1
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What are the effects of erythrogenic toxin?
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it is a superantigen - it causes rash of Scarlet fever
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What are the effects of streptolysin O?
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it is a hemolysin - it is the antigen for ASO-antibody found in rheumatic fever
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis?
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one toxin in the toxin complex is an adenylate cyclase
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Bordetella pertussis? (3)
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Stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation - causes whooping cough - inhibits chemokine receptor, causing lymphocytosis
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum?
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blocks release of acetylcholine: causes anticholenergic symptoms, CNS paralysis; can cause 'floppy baby'
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Clostridium perfringens?
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alpha toxin is a lecithinase - causes gas gangrene - get a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Clostridium tetani?
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blocks release of the inhibitory NT glycine; causes 'lockjaw'
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheria? (3)
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1) inactivates EF-2 by ADP ribosylation 2) pharyngitis 3) 'pseudomembrane' in throat
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by E. coli? (2)
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this heat labile toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein - causes watery diarrhea
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Staph. aureus?
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superantigen; induces IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis in Toxic Shock Syndrome; also causes food poisoning
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What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Vibro cholerae? (3)
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Stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein - increases pumping of Cl- and H2O into gut - causes voluminous rice-water diarrhea
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What are the general clinical effects of endotoxin?(2)
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fever, shock
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What are three primary/general effects of endotoxin (especially lipid A)?
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1) Acivates macrophages 2) Activates completment (alt. pathway) 3) Activates Hageman factor
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What are two exotoxins secreted by Strep. pyogenes?
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Erythrogenic toxin and streptolysin O
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(T/F) The outer membrane for G+ and the cell membrane for G- act as major surface antigens
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FALSE: they DO act a major surface antigens BUT the outer mb for G- and the cell membrane for G+
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Are endotoxins heat stable?
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yes, stable at 100C for 1 hr.
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Are endotoxins secreted from cells?
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NO
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Are endotoxins used as antigens in vaccines?
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no, they don't produce protective immune response
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Are exotoxins heat stable?
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no, destroyed rapidly at 60C (exception: Staphylococcal enterotoxin)
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Are exotoxins secreted from cells?
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yes
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Are exotoxins used as antigens in vaccines?
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Yes, TOXOIDS are used as vaccines
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Describe the chemical composition of peptidoglycan.
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Sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains
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Describe the major components of a G- cell wall.
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inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes - thin layer of peptidoglycan - periplasmic space - contains lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein and phospholipid
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Describe the major components of a G+ cell wall.
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one lipid bilayer membrane - thick layer of peptidoglycan - contains teichoic acid
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Describe the process of conjugation.
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DNA transfer from one bacterium to another.
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Describe the process of transduction.
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DNA transfer by a virus from one cell to another
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Describe the process of transformation
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purified DNA is taken up by a cell
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Does endotoxin induce and antigenic response?
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no, not well
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What are two functions of the pilus/fimbrae?
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Mediate adherence of bacteria to the cell surface - sex pilus forms attachment b/t 2 bacteria during conjugation
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What are two species of Gram (-) cocci and how are they differentiated?
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1)Neisseria memingitidis: maltose fermenter 2) Neisseria gonorrhoeae: maltose NONfementer
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What bacteria produces a blue-green pigment?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What bacteria produces a red pigment?
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Serratia marcescens ('maraschino cherries are red')
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What bacteria produces a yellow pigment?
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Staph. aureus (Aureus= gold in Latin)
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What culture requirements do Fungi have?
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Sabouraud's agar
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What culture requirements do Lactose-fermenting enterics have?
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MacConkey's agar (make pink colonies)
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What culture requirements does B. pertussis have?
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Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
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What culture requirements does C. diphtheriae have?
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Tellurite agar
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What culture requirements does H. flu have?
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chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin
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