Microbiology

Front 1

Microbiology is the study of organisms that cannot be seen without the use of a

Back 1

microscope

Front 2

Microorganisms are generally
__________in size or smaller.

Back 2

1 millimeter

Front 3

The 5 major groups of microorganisms are _____, ________,________,_______,______

Back 3

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, certain algae

Front 4

Microorganisms colonize our ________ and ________ body surfaces where they form out normal __________.

Back 4

external, internal, body flora (microbioto)

Front 5

Microorganisms are a constant in our _________.

Back 5

surrounding

Front 6

Although many microbes are _________ and cause diseases, the overriding majority of them do not.

Back 6

pathogenic

Hint 6

disease are paaaa.....

Front 7

Many microorganisms are used to produce various useful products, including __________,__________, and some of the foods we eat.

Back 7

antibiotics, vacciens

Front 8

Microorganisms are at the base of all ecological ________ and contribute to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

Back 8

food chains.

Front 9

Most of the lab exercises you will perform involve the study of _______.

Back 9

bacteria

Front 10

Which objective lens is used to study the characteristics of stained bacterial cells?

Back 10

oil immersions lens

Front 11

____________is considered the father of microscopy.

Back 11

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Front 12

The study of living organisms provides a visualization of their basic shape and _________.

Back 12

motility

Front 13

Are stained organisms dead or alive?

Back 13

dead

Hint 13

`

Front 14

The primary function of a microscope is to ________ the apparent size of a specimen.

Back 14

magnify

Front 15

The ____________ microscope has two types of lens: the ocular and the objective.

Back 15

compound

Front 16

The ocular lens is usually a_____ X lens.

Back 16

10

Front 17

The oil immersion lens is usually a _______x lens.

Back 17

100

Front 18

The total magnification using a 10x ocular lens and a 40x objective lens is ______.

Back 18

400

Front 19

_________refers to the clarity of the specimen's appearance.

Back 19

resolution

Front 20

The space between an objective lens in focus and a specimen is called the _________ _________

Back 20

working disctance

Front 21

The __________ controls the amount of the light that enters the condenser.

Back 21

iris diaphragm

Front 22

Which focus adjustment knob should be used with high- dry and oil immersion objective lenses?

Back 22

fine focus knob

Front 23

Which part of a microscope holds the slide in place for study?

Back 23

mechanical stage

Front 24

___________ is the study of the natural phenomenal in our surroundings.

Back 24

science

Front 25

The ________ ________ of investigation is the experimental rationale that is used to study natural occurrences.

Back 25

scientific process

Front 26

Ideally, the principles derived from scientific studies are based on __________ _______ of the results of research.

Back 26

objective interpretations

Front 27

To extend our natural senses, we use_______

Back 27

instruments

Front 28

The process of ________ _________ permits the separation and identification of molecules such as proteins and DNA.

Back 28

gel electophoresis

Front 29

Today, you will use the _______ microscope.

Back 29

stereoscopic ( dissecting) microscope

Front 30

we will use the microscope to see the small experimental animal _______ __________.

Back 30

animal Daphna magna

Front 31

You should realize that questioning the__________ is beyond the scope of science.

Back 31

supernatural

Front 32

A prediction based on the information at hand is referred to as a _____________.

Back 32

hypothesis

Front 33

_______ _________ are the conditions you will intentionally change (manipulate) during your experiment.

Back 33

independent variable

Front 34

__________ are the results (changes) you observe which are due to conditions you have manipulated in an experiment.

Back 34

dependant variable

Front 35

____________ an experiment and obtaining consistent results (reproducibility of results) is important in convincing other scientists that your findings are valid.

Back 35

repeating

Front 36

Once experimental data has been collected it can be presented in the form of text, tables, and _______

Back 36

graphs

Front 37

On the ___________ (horizontal axis), a scale indicating the magnitude of change in the independent variable is presented.

Back 37

x axis

Front 38

The y-axis (vertical axis) contains the ________ that are obtained during the experiment.

Back 38

results

Front 39

The conclusions are then used to support or ___________ the hypothesis of the researcher.

Back 39

reject

Front 40

The heart rate of a healthy daphnia is _________

Back 40

120-300 bearts/min

Front 41

During this experiment what two substances are added to the water in which daphina lives? ________ and ______

Back 41

alcohol and caffeine

Front 42

A__________ ________ is one that contains only one type of species or organism.

Back 42

pure culture

Front 43

Pure stock cultures can be used for _______ and genetic study.

Back 43

biochemical

Front 44

Culture_________ have been developed to meet the growth requirements of bacteria.

Back 44

media

Front 45

________is a solidifying agent that has the unique properties of melting at 95c and solidifying at 50c

Back 45

agar

Front 46

_________ are made by allowing the warm agar in a test tube to cool and solidify while the tube is placed on an incline.

Back 46

agar slants

Front 47

_______ are made by allowing the warm agar in a test tube to cool and solidify while the tube is standing straight up

Back 47

agar stabs

Front 48

when bacterial nutrients are added to water, a _______ is made.

Back 48

nutrient broth

Front 49

To decrease the likelihood of stock culture contamination, ________is used to transfer bacteria form one tube or plate to another.

Back 49

aseptic technique

Front 50

If a culture contains a mix of different microbes, studying the metabolic and genetic properties of an individual _________is impossible.

Back 50

species

Front 51

The technique used in this exercise to isolate bacteria is called the ________ _______ method.

Back 51

streak plate

Front 52

An inoculating _____________ will be used to physically separate bacteria as they are spread out over a smooth solid surface.

Back 52

loop

Front 53

As separate individual cells reproduce, a visible __________ of identical bacteria will develop.

Back 53

colony

Front 54

__________which are dissolved in the agar medium, are absorbed by bacteria as they grow and multiply.

Back 54

nutrients

Front 55

Agar plates should ALWAYS be kept ________ during incubation and storage.

Back 55

upside down

Front 56

In order to study microorganisms as individuals they must be isolated in __________

Back 56

pure cultures.

Front 57

Organisms may be isolated by plating them on __________ plates, ______ plates, and _______plates.

Back 57

streak, spread, serial dilutions.

Front 58

Pour plates and spread plates coupled with _________ can also be used to quantitatively determine the number of ____ organisms in specimen.

Back 58

serial dilutions, viable

Front 59

Pour plates together with serial dilutions are used to analyze _______,_________,_____, and some __________ specimens since only living cells are enumerated with this method.

Back 59

food, water, milk, medical.

Front 60

_________ is the independent movement of bacteria on a specific direction through the use of flagella.

Back 60

motility

Front 61

_________ _______ is the random movement of bacteria caused by their colision with molecules in their environment.

Back 61

Brownian movement

Front 62

The method of movement that moves a cell is a trait which is useful in the ________ of bacteria.

Back 62

classification

Front 63

while the staining of cells provides contrast between a cell and it's background, stained cells are _______.

Back 63

dead

Front 64

though unstained bacteria are more difficult to see________ can only be viewed when a specimen is living.

Back 64

motility

Front 65

Bacteria that are motile, propel themselves through the use of one or more __________.

Back 65

flagella.

Front 66

Flagella are semi rigid_____ which are attached to the bacterial cell surface.

Back 66

helical rotors

Front 67

_____________ on the surface of bacteria allow them to move in response to stimuli in their environment.

Back 67

sensors

Front 68

when bacteria use their sensors and flagella to move towards nutrients or away from irritants, the process is called____________

Back 68

chemotaxis

Front 69

When bacteria use their sensors and flagella to move towards or away from light, the process is called_________

Back 69

phototaxis

Front 70

Agar plates should ALWAYS be kept ________ during incubation and storage.

Back 70

upside down

Front 71

In order to study microorganisms as individuals they must be isolated in __________

Back 71

pure cultures.

Front 72

Organisms may be isolated by plating them on __________ plates, ______ plates, and _______plates.

Back 72

streak, spread, serial dilutions.

Front 73

Pour plates and spread plates coupled with _________ can also be used to quantitatively determine the number of ____ organisms in specimen.

Back 73

serial dilutions, viable

Front 74

Pour plates together with serial dilutions are used to analyze _______,_________,_____, and some __________ specimens since only living cells are enumerated with this method.

Back 74

food, water, milk, medical.

Front 75

_________ is the independent movement of bacteria on a specific direction through the use of flagella.

Back 75

motility

Front 76

_________ _______ is the random movement of bacteria caused by their colision with molecules in their environment.

Back 76

Brownian movement

Front 77

The method of movement that moves a cell is a trait which is useful in the ________ of bacteria.

Back 77

classification

Front 78

while the staining of cells provides contrast between a cell and it's background, stained cells are _______.

Back 78

dead

Front 79

though unstained bacteria are more difficult to see________ can only be viewed when a specimen is living.

Back 79

motility

Front 80

Bacteria that are motile, propel themselves through the use of one or more __________.

Back 80

flagella.

Front 81

Flagella are semi rigid_____ which are attached to the bacterial cell surface.

Back 81

helical rotors

Front 82

_____________ on the surface of bacteria allow them to move in response to stimuli in their environment.

Back 82

sensors

Front 83

when bacteria use their sensors and flagella to move towards nutrients or away from irritants, the process is called____________

Back 83

chemotaxis

Front 84

Agar plates should ALWAYS be kept ________ during incubation and storage.

Back 84

upside down

Front 85

In order to study microorganisms as individuals they must be isolated in __________

Back 85

pure cultures.

Front 86

When bacteria use their sensors and flagella to move towards or away from light, the process is called_________

Back 86

phototaxis

Front 87

Organisms may be isolated by plating them on __________ plates, ______ plates, and _______plates.

Back 87

streak, spread, serial dilutions.

Front 88

Pour plates and spread plates coupled with _________ can also be used to quantitatively determine the number of ____ organisms in specimen.

Back 88

serial dilutions, viable

Front 89

Pour plates together with serial dilutions are used to analyze _______,_________,_____, and some __________ specimens since only living cells are enumerated with this method.

Back 89

food, water, milk, medical.

Front 90

_________ is the independent movement of bacteria on a specific direction through the use of flagella.

Back 90

motility

Front 91

_________ _______ is the random movement of bacteria caused by their colision with molecules in their environment.

Back 91

Brownian movement

Front 92

The method of movement that moves a cell is a trait which is useful in the ________ of bacteria.

Back 92

classification

Front 93

while the staining of cells provides contrast between a cell and it's background, stained cells are _______.

Back 93

dead

Front 94

though unstained bacteria are more difficult to see________ can only be viewed when a specimen is living.

Back 94

motility

Front 95

Bacteria that are motile, propel themselves through the use of one or more __________.

Back 95

flagella.

Front 96

Flagella are semi rigid_____ which are attached to the bacterial cell surface.

Back 96

helical rotors

Front 97

_____________ on the surface of bacteria allow them to move in response to stimuli in their environment.

Back 97

sensors

Front 98

when bacteria use their sensors and flagella to move towards nutrients or away from irritants, the process is called____________

Back 98

chemotaxis

Front 99

When bacteria use their sensors and flagella to move towards or away from light, the process is called_________

Back 99

phototaxis

Front 100

Flagella vary in their chemical composition, __________ and __________ on a cell

Back 100

number and location

Front 101

Slides will be prepared for Gram staining using the organisms Micro coccus luteus and ______ _______

Back 101

E. coli (gram neg, control)

Front 102

The dye, crystal violet is placed on the slide and allowed to sit for _______ seconds.

Back 102

60 seconds

Front 103

________ techniques require the use of two or more dyes.

Back 103

differential staining

Front 104

These dyes allow us to distinguish between microbes based on some physical or ______ characteristic.

Back 104

chemical

Front 105

The __________ _______ is a differential staining technique.

Back 105

gram stain.

Front 106

Cells that retain the primary dye (crystal violet), are purple in appearance and are called__________ _________

Back 106

gram positive

Front 107

If a cell is decolonized, and then retains the ________ (safranin), it will appear pink and its called Gram negative.

Back 107

counter stain

Front 108

The gram staining traits of bacteria are based on their _____ _________ composition

Back 108

cell envalope

Front 109

Gram positive cells have a cell envelope which is composed of _________ basic layers.

Back 109

3

Front 110

the middle layer of a Gram positive cell envelope is composed of a thick, multi layered ____________

Back 110

cell wall

Front 111

the innermost layer of the cell envelope, in contact with a cell's cytoplasm is composed of a ____________

Back 111

semipermeable membrane

Front 112

when gram positive cells are stained, smaller single molecules of _________ and _______ easily pass through the cell envelope of bacteria.

Back 112

crystal violet & iodine

Front 113

gram negative cells have a cell envelope which is composed of ________ basic layers.

Back 113

4

Front 114

The outermost of the bacterial envelope layers is some sort of protective jacket such as a _____.

Back 114

capsule

Front 115

when ___________ is applied to gram negative cells it disrupts the outer cell membrane.

Back 115

alcohol acetone

Front 116

the CV-I complex washes out through the thin _________ of gram negative cells.

Back 116

cell wall

Front 117

gram positive and gram negative cells react differently to _________ which are used to control disease.

Back 117

chemotherapeutic agents

Front 118

gram staining is an effective technique for the _________ of bacteria.

Back 118

identification

Hint 118

q

Front 119

If a bacterial culture is ____________, Gram positive bacteria tend to stain pink and look like gram negative cells.

Back 119

old

Front 120

slides containing bacteria and a green stain will be place over a beaker of ________ _____

Back 120

hot water

Front 121

the microbe that will be used in the endospore staining procedure is _________ ___________

Back 121

bacillus megathenum

Front 122

the_______ objective lens is used to study stained endospores.

Back 122

low power objective lens

Front 123

_________ are durable, dehydrated structures that certain bacteria produce as a mechanism to survive under harsh enrironmental conditions.

Back 123

endospores

Front 124

bacteria in the genera, Bacillus and ________ are capable of producing endospores.

Back 124

clostridium

Front 125

endospores are formed in a process called _______

Back 125

sporulation

Front 126

The stimulus for sporulation is usually some environmental stress such as the depletion of an essential __________.

Back 126

nutrient

Front 127

the switching on and off of genes in cells for different cell traits is called a true ______, a rare event in bacteria.

Back 127

differentiation

Front 128

The endospore is composed of several protective _________ which surround a central core.

Back 128

layers

Front 129

The core of an endospore contains ___________, ribosomes and enzymes, the same as those in the active cells.

Back 129

DNA

Front 130

the core of an endospore is dehydrated and contains a large amount of the salt _________ _____________.

Back 130

calcium dipicolinate

Front 131

once formed, endospores are resistant to _________, chemicals, and elevated tempertures.

Back 131

radiation

Front 132

the endospore will not exhibit metabolic or ________ activity until it returns to the active state.

Back 132

reproductive

Front 133

the process by which endospores return to the active state is called________

Back 133

germination

Front 134

the study of endospores is important because in some cases they are formed by _____ _________

Back 134

pathogenic bacteria

Front 135

the procedure used to stain endospores involved steaming these structures as they are bathed in hot _________ ________

Back 135

malachite green

Front 136

the counter stain__________, is used to stain what remains of the cell.

Back 136

safranin