Microbiology

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Fundamental unit of heredity

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Gene

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DNA segment which codes for protein or rna

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Gene

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Population of cells that are genetically identical

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clone

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All genes present in a cell or virus

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genome

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Specific set of genes an organism possesses

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genotype

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Set of observable characteristics

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phenotype

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The manner in which genetic instructionsfor polypeptide synthesis are stored within genome

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The genetic code

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Sequence of base pairs in DNA corresponds to the amino acid sequence of poylpeptide encoded

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colinearity

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Usually small, closed circular DNA molecules; exist/replicate independently of chromosome; not required for growth and reproduction; may carry genes that confer selective advantage (e.g. drug resistance)

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plasmids

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This enzyme coils the chromosome into a tight bundle

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topoisomerase

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The basic unit of DNA structure is

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nucleotide

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Each nucleotid is composed of

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phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

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A nitrogenous base that is an important encoding component of DNA/RNA. Two most common are adenine and guanine

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purine

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Nitrogen bases that help form the genetic code on DNA/RNA. Uracil, thymine, and cytosine.

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pyrimidine

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Nitrogenous bases include

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adenine, thymine (uracil),cytosine and guanine.

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chain of nucleotides are linked by what kind of bond

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phosphodiester bond

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nitrogenous bases are linked (A and T, C and G) by what kind of bond

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hydrogen, A and T double hydrogen bond and C and G by a triple hydrogen bond

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Body that contains the bacterial chromosome

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nucleoid

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In this type of type of cell, the chromosome usually exists as closed circular, supercoiled molecule

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procaryotic

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Proteins associated with eucaryotic DNA. These simple proteins serve as winding spools to compact and condense the chromosome

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histone

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Pattern of DNA synthesis in procaryotes

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bidirectional from a single origin of replication

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Portion of the genome that contains an origin and is replicated as a unit

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replicon

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Pattern of DNA synthesis in eucaryotes

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bidirectional and multiple origins of replication

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Structure in the packaging of dna. Formed by the DNA strands wrapping aroun the histone protein to form nucleus bodies arranged like beads on a chain

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nucleosome

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The process of DNA duplication is called

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DNA replication

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Overall process of DNA replication

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(1) Uncoil, (2) unzip,(3) synthesize new strands

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This is a short sequence rich in A and T.

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Origin of replication

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Origin of replication is rich in A and T why?

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Less energy is required to break the double hydrogen bond between A and T as opposed to the triple hydrogen bond of C and G.

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Prior to the start of replication, what enzyme binds to the DNA at the origin

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DNA polymerase III

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The process of synthesizing a new daughter strand of DNA using the parental strand as a template is carried out by this enzyme

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DNA polymerase III

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Replication beings when this enzyme is synthesized and enters at the origin of replication.

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RNA primer/primase

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True or False. DNA polymerase III cannot begin synthesis unless it has RNA primer to serve as the starting point for adding nucelotids.

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Ture

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True or False. DNA polymerase III is unable to begin synthesizing a chain of nucleotides but can only continue to add nucleotides to an already existing chain

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True

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This strand is synthesized as a continuous, complete strand and in what direction

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leading strand and from 5 to 3

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This strand is synthesized in fragments and in what direction and why

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lagging strand and 3 to 5 because it is antiparellel to 5 to 3.

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Fragments produced by the lagging strand are termed what

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Okazaki fragments

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This enzymes removes the primer, closes gaps, and repairs mismatches

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DNA polymerase I

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This enzyme attaches the Okazaki fragments.

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DNA ligase

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This enzyme causes supercoiling of the helis

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gyrase

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The nucelic acid responsible for for carrying out the hereditary program transmitted by an organism's DNA.

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RNA (ribonucelic acid).

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mRNA synthesis; the process by which a strand of RNA is prodced against a DNA template

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transcription

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In this type of neucelic acid (DNA or RNA) uracil replaces thymine

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RNA

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True/False - RNA is a single stranded molecule hat exists in helical fom

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True

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The sugar in RNA is what

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ribose

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This type of RNA is a copy of a structural gene/genes in the DNA

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mRNA (messenger RNA)

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This type of RNA carries the DNA master code to the ribosome

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mRNA

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A specific of three nucleotides in mRNA (or the sense sequence strand of DNA) that constitutes the genetic code for a particular amino acid.

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codon

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A transcipt of DNA specializes in converting RNA language into protein language.

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tRNA (transfer RNA).

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The trinucleotide sequence of transfer RNA that is complementary to the trinucleotide sequence of messenger RNA (the codon)

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anticodon

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At the bottom of tRNA is an anticodon that specifies the attachment of a particular amino acid, this occurs at which end (5 or 3).

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3

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This coordinates the codons of mRNA with tRNA anticodons and in so doing constitutes the peptide assembly line

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ribosome

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The interactions of proteins and rRNA create the two subunits of what and engage in what?

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ribosome and final translation of the genetic code

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Enzyme process that translates the code of DNA to RNA

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RNA polymerase

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Transcription is initated when RNA polymerase recognizes a segment of the DNA called what

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promoter region

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During replication, this enzyme also causes elongation

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DNA polymerase III

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During replication, this enzyme can also detect incorrect, unmatching bases, excise them, and replace them with the correct base

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DNA polymerase III

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In translation, all of the elements needed to synthesize a protein are brought together on the

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ribosome

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In initiation of translation, the small subunit binds to what site (5 or 3) and the large subunit supplies what

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5 and enzymes for making peptide bonds on the protein.

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What is the first codon the ribosome encounters while scanning the mRNA

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start codon which is almost always AUG.

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With the mRNA message in place on the assembled ribosome, the next step in translation involves entrance of what

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tRNAs with their amino acids