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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Explain the specificity/targeted action of an antibiotic
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Patients with bacteria; use antibiotics for bacteria but doesn't work for humans so it produces an adverse effect in humans and by antibiotics
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what does the cell wall have
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peptidoglycan
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what is beta lactams and what does it include
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it is the site of action on the peptidoglycan and it includes penicillin and cephalosporins
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what do eukaryotes lack
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peptidoglyacn
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since eukaryotes lack peptidoglycan what can antibiotics not treat
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they can not treat fungal/protozoan/worm infections
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what is protein synthesis in bacteria inhibited by
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it is inhibited by tetracylcine, erythomycin, aminoglycoside, chlorphenicol
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tetracycline, erythomycin, aminoglycosides, chlorophenicol bind to what?
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they bind to 70S ribosomes in bacteria rather than 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes in eukaryotes.
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If you use erythomycin for acne (bacteria on the skin) where will it not work
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It will not work on the arm because it has 80S ribosomes
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What is the DNA gyrase in bacteria selectively inhibited by?
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Fluoroquinolones
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What are fluoroquinolones
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norfloxacin/ ciprofloxacin/ levoflaxacin/ temoflaxacin
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why do FQs have higher affinity to bacterial DNA gyrase
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because they lack histones in bacterial DNA
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If you added a FQ antibiotic what would it preferably be bound to?
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It would be bound to Bacterial DNA gyrase preferably but not in DNA gyrase
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What is the importance of DNA gyrase
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it involves DNA replication, in which the gyrase (same as topoisomerase) unwinds in DNA
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What is a nucleic acid precursor synthesis inhibited by
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it is inhibited by sulfa drugs in bacteria that are not in eukaryotes because they use a different pathway where it is susceptible to inhibition
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What are some of the side effects of FQs
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it casues juvenile arthropathy, photosensitivity, photomutagen, cardiac anomalies
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what is arthropathy
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it is joint pain (weight bearing on joints); bone enlarged by ossification
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what does FQs inhibit
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ossification
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if children use FQs for an extended period what is it risk associated with
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arthropathy
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what would be another model other than humans that would have the same side effects
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a beagle dog
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why is chlorophenicol not recommended for children
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it supprsesses hematopoiesis (blood formation)
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what is gentamycin and tobeamycin
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they are aminoglycosides
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what are gentamycin and tobeamycin associated with
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they are associated with nephrotoxicity (kidney disease) and ototoxicity (ear/hearing)
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aminoglycosides through I.V. or I.M. requires monitoring of blood levels. what are the acceptable limits?
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1.peak of 10-12 ug/ml through 1-2 ug/ml
2. aminoglycosides clearance decreased by renal dysfunction/insuffinciency |
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if aminoglycosides clearance is decreased by renal dysfunction/insufficiency what does it do
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it increases creatine, decreases urine output, increases BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
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dosage reductions of aminoglycosides are mandatory in what patients
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patients with renal failure and decrease real output
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this is an antifungal agent for systemic fungal infections
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toxicity of ampothericin B
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how would you administer ampothericin B
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it is given as a test-loading dose initially, followed by a slow infusion over several hours
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what is a therapeutic ratio
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it is an effective concentration that will inhibit bacteria and treat infection to avoid toxicity to patient
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what does ampthericin bid preferably to
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fungi
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what would you do to a patient in aminoglycosides when their levels are above normal peak
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you would spread out their medication and reduce their dosage
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what is the inner cristae of mitochondria equivalent to
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it is equivalent to the cell membrane of baceria
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what is ETC/TCA in the matrix of mitochondria equivalent to
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it is equivalent to the cytoplasm of bacteria
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mitochondria and bacteria divide by what
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binary fission
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what kind of ribosomes do mitochondira and bacteria have
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70S ribosomes
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what ribosomes do the eukaryotic cytoplasm have
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80S ribosomes
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what is the outer membrane of the mitochondria derived from
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it is derived from the cell membrane of host cell
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what does endosymbiosis not explain
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it does not explain the origin of the endoplasmic reiticulum, golgi, and nuclear membrane
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what is endosymbiosis
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within, mutually beneficial
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what does endosymbiosis do
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they are large primitive cells that engulf bacteria for food
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what do large primitive cells do
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they retain bacteria as endosymbiont dominated susequent evolution to produce eukaryotes
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what is autogeny
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it is a sef induced thermal reorganization
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why is the study of metabolism important
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because it is the sume of the total biochemical reactions taking place in a living cell
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what are the inner membrane of bacteria subject to
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they are subject to infoldong on electron microscopy
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give an example of a large bacteria that is 1mm (visible to naked eye and has extensive internal membranes
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thiomargarita namibiensis and erulipschium fihelsoni
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most bacteria dont phagotize except
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early bacteris (boleovibrio)
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what do phagocytic bacteria do
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they feed on other bacteria similar to phagocytosis
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how did eukaryotes evolve
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by combination of autgeny and endosymbiosis
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what are the two phases of metabolism
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anabolism and catabolsism
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what is anabolism
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it is the synthesis of needed material
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what is catabolism
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is it the degradation/breakdown of materials (macromolecules)
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how are anabolism and catabolism interconnected
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they are connected by macromolecule breakdown, common intermediates, enzymes, waste products, heat, atp production and utilization
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what new macromolecules are made what are they
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they are characteristics of the old one
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what does sweat cause
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vasodilation, which means high metabolism activity
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what is the realtion between vital signs and metabolic activity
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septic shock; industry to organic methane, biochemical profiles, mechanism, symptoms to find disease and metabolic activity which has O2 saturation, increase PCO2, acidosis and ketoacidosis
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what are mostof many biological reactions "spontaneous" is energy input required?
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it is required to initiate a reaction
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In metabolic reactions what does atp help out
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it helps convert endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction
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what is metabolism important in Diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease
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1. microbial infection results in significant change in patient status
2. uses those changes to infer infection. 3. measures vital signs 4. explain, detect, diagnose, treat infectious disease 5.provide basis for control of microbial activity 6. facilitate and understanding of pathogenesis and altered mechanisms 7. provide basis/means for ID in clinical lab 8. industrial application for food fuel pharmaceutics and biotechnology |
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how do you ID bacteria
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you do a gram stain to get a biochemical profile to find the enzyme, substrate for growth and product to get the definitive ID
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how do ID fungi
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it is dominated by morphology, biochemical profile is less important
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how do ID a virus/ protozoa, worms
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you would ID it by its morphology
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if a fish smells bad what is it a high potential of
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it is a high potential for infection (vibrio vulnificus)
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if food what spoiled how would you indicate it by
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by odor
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what would be a high risk of infection in food spoilage
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visteria
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what is the diagnosis for gardnella vaginalis
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urethritis/cervicillis vaginitis
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how would they test for gardnella vaginalis
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first they would take a speciman from a cervical swab, put it on a slide, add KOH, has a distinct fishy odor (whiff test). Then do a gram stain, look a the cells, epithelial cells covered with gram negative coccobacilli
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how do you know if you have gas gangrene/decubitis ulcers
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it would have an obvious odor;overpowering/noticeable
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what does odor indicate usually
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infection
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bad breath is an indication of what
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poor dental hygeine/ gingivitis/body odor/ flatulence
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what are the end products of gas chromatography
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butaric acid, isobuyric acid and isocaproic acid
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How do you ID clostridium difficile
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usually 5 days to growth by productions of toxins A and B
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what are the tests for clostridium difficile
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obtain feces, put in a selective broth (CCF), toxic assay, incubate for 24-48 hrs, extract volatiles, do gas chromatograph, end product isocaproic acid
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