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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 2 gram + cocci?
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streptococcus and staphylococcus
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Which is the gram neg. coccus?
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neisseria
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Name the 5 gram + rods.
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corynebacterium, listeria, bacillus, clostridium and mycobacterium
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What are the 3 spiral gram neg. bacteria?
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The spirochetes: treponema, borrelia, leptospira
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What are 2 pleiomorphic gram neg. bacteria?
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chlamydia and rickettsia
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What's the name for bacteria without cell wall?
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mycoplasma
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What does it mean for a bacterium to be microaerophilic?
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They use fermentation and have no ETC system. They can tolerate some oxygen because they have superoxid dismutase.
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Which gram + bacterium is microaerophilic?
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Streptococcus
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Which of the gram + bacteria is an obligate anaerobe?
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Clostridium
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Name 4 facultative anaerobic gram + bacteria.
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Staphylococcus, bacillus anthracis, corynebacterium listeria, actinomyces
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What does it mean for a bacterium to be a facultative anaerobe?
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It is really aerobic, but can use fermentation to grow in the absence of oxygen.
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What are the 2 gram + obligate aerobes?
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Nocardia, bacillus cereus.
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What are 2 acid-fast obligate aerobes?
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mycobacterium and nocardia
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Under what conditions does the mycoplasma survive?
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It is a facultative anaerobe.
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Name 2 energy parasites.
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Chlamydia and rickettsia steal ATP from their host.
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Name 5 obligate aerobe gram neg. bacteria.
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neisseria, pseudomonas, bordetella, legionella, and brucella.
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What are 4 microaerophilic gram neg. bacteria?
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The 3 spirochetes (treponema, borrelia, leptospira) and campylobacter.
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Which gram neg. bacterium is an obligate anaerobe?
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bacteroides.
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Name 7 facultative intracellular organisms.
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1. listeria monocytogenes; 2. salmonella typhi; 3. yersinia; 4. francisella tularensis; 5. brucella; 6. legionella; 7. mycobacterium.
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What causes pharyngitis, skin infections, scarlet fever, TSS and 2 antibody mediated sequelae?
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streptococcus pyogenes (Group A strep)
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What are the 2 antibody-mediated sequelae from an S. aureus infection?
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rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.
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What causes the following 3 neonatal infections: meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis.
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streptococcus agalactia (Group B strep)
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What can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis, dental caries, and brain or liver abscesses?
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streptococcus viridans
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What can cause pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, or otitis media (in kids)?
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streptococcus pneumoniae
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What are the 4 group D gram + cocci?
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enterococci: S.faecalis and S. faecium; non-enterococci: S. bovis and S. equinus.
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Which bacterium is closely associated with colon cancer?
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streptococcus bovis
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What group of bacteria cause subacute bacterial endocarditis, biliary tract infections, and urinary tract infections?
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the group D cocci.
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Which bacterium leads to exotoxin dependent gastroenteritis (food poisoning), toxic shock syndrome, and scalded skin syndrome?
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staphylococcus aureus
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Through direct invasion, which bacterium leads to pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, acute bacterial endocarditis, septic arthritis, skin infection, sepsis, and UTI?
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staphylococcus aureus
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Which bacterium is largely responsible for nosocomial infections in prosthetic joints, heart valves, sepsis from IV lines, and UTI?
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staphylococcus epidermidis
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What is a common cause of UTI in sexually active women?
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staphylococcus saprophyticus
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What are the 2 spore-forming gram + rods?
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bacillus and clostridium
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Which disease and bacterium causes the following symptoms: painless black vesicles on the skin, Woolsorter's disease in the lungs, and abdominal pain with vomiting and bloody diarrhea?
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Anthrax, caused by bacillus anthracis.
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Which bacterium's only clinical presentation is food poisoning?
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bacillus cereus
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Baby presents with constipation and flaccid paralysis. What could be the cause?
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Infant botulism, caused by clostridium botulinum
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Adult presents with cranial nerve palsy, muscle weakness and respiratory paralysis. What could be the cause?
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Food-born botulism caused by clostridium botulinum
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What are potential reservoirs of C. botulinum?
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soil, stored vegetables, smoked fish, fresh honey
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Someone presents with some or all of these symptoms: muscle spasms, lockjaw, risus sardonicus, respiratory paralysis. What's going on?
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Tetanus, due to clostridium tetani.
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Which bacterium causes gaseous gangrene?
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Clostridium perfringens
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Patient presents with diarrhea following extensive antibiotic treatment. Possible explanation?
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clostridium difficile
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Presentation: mild sore throat with fever, pseudomembrane on pharynx, neural involvement. Some patients with this infection present with myocarditis. Diagnosis?
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Diptheria following infection of corynebacterium diphteriae.
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This bacterium is responsible for neonatal meningitis, meningitis in immunosuppressed patients, and septicemia.
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Which is the only gram + organism with LPS?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Why are spirochetes a diagnostic problem?
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They cannot be cultured in ordinary media and are too small to be seen under a light microscope.
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What are the 3 genera of spirochetes?
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1. treponema 2. borrelia 3. leptospira
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Do spirochetes release toxins?
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No, manifestations are caused by the host's own immune responses.
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Which spirochete causes syphilis?
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treponema pallidum
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What are the stages of syphilis?
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primary, secondary, latent, and third.
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What are the 3 categories of tertiary syphilis?
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1. gummatous syphilis; 2. cardiovascular syphilis; 3. neurosyphilis.
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Most acute meningitis infections caused by bacteria lead to a high neutrophil count, high protein, and low glucose. Name 2 bacteria that cause subacute meningitis with a predominance of lymphocytes.
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treponema pallidum and mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What is tabes dorsalis?
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Caused by syphilis, this involves damage to the posterio columns and dorsal roots of the spinal cord
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What is the syphilis rule of sixes?
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6 axial filaments, 6 week incubation, 6 weeks for ulcer to heal, 6 weeks after ulcer heals secondary syphilis develops, 6 weeks for secondary syphilis to resolve, 66% of latent stage patients have resolution, 6 years to develop tertiary syphilis
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What is condyloma latum?
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A painless, wart-like lesion which occurs mostly in warm, moist sites like the vulva or scrotum. Found in second stage syphilis.
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What is the Jarisch-Herxheimer phenomenon?
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A self-limiting reaction developed by syphilis patients after starting antibiotics. Symptoms include mild fever, shills, malaise, headache and muscle aches. Caused by pyrogen released by killed organism.
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Which bacterium causes Lyme Disease?
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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What are 3 vectors for the borrelia burgdorferi?
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ixodes tick, white-footed mouse, and white-tailed deer
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What is the erythema chronicum migrans?
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the signature rash of the ixodes tick bite and borrelia burgdorferi infection
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What are the 4 organ systems affected by Lyme disease?
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skin, nervous system, heart and joints
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What causes recurring fever in humans?
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Borrelia recurrentis, transmitted by the body louse.
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Why does the fever recur in recurring fever?
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antigenic variation by the spirochete borrelia recurrentis
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What are the signs of Weil's Disease and what causes it?
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severe leptospirosis with renal failure, hepatitis (and jaundice), mental status changes and hemorrhage in many organs; caused by leptospira interrogans
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What organism can be transmitted by direct contact with infected urine or animal tissue?
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leptospira interrogans
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Sign of primary stage syphilis?
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painless chancre (skin ulcer)
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Signs of secondary stage syphilis?
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rash on palms and soles, condyloma latum (painless, wartlike lesion occurring in warm, moist places), occasional involvement of the CNS, eyes, bones, kidneys or joints
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Signs of tertiary stage syphilis?
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gummas of skin and bone, CV syphilis, neurosyphilis
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What is bejel and what is its cause?
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primary and secondary lesions in oral mucosa, tertiary lesions are gummas of skin and bone; caused by T. pallidum, subspecies endemicum
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What is yaws and what is its cause?
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primary and secondary lesions are ulcerative skin lesions near site of infection, tertiary lesions include gumma of skin and bone with severe facial disfigurement; caused by treponema pertenue
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What is pinta and what is its cause?
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flat red or blue lesions which do NOT ulcerate, caused by treponema carateum
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