Microbiology

Front 1

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase:

Back 1

Utilizes NADP to phosphorylate and remove Hydrogen ions from Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield NADH+H and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Front 2

3-Phosphoglycerokinase:

Back 2

removes a phosphate from 1,3-bisphpsphoglycerate and adds the phosphate to ADP to yield ATP and 3-Phosphoglycerate

Front 3

Phosphoglyceromutase:

Back 3

Converts 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate

Front 4

Enolase:

Back 4

Removes one molecule of H2O from 2-Phosphoglycerate to yield Phosphoenolpyruvate

Front 5

Pyruvate kinase:

Back 5

removes a phosphate and adds one hydrogen ion to Phosphoenolpyruvate to yield one ATP from ADP and Pyruvate

Front 6

Distinguishing Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells are:

Back 6

1. Circular DNA not in a membrane
2. No membrane bound compartments (organelles)
3. No Histone proteins associated with DNA
4. Cell walls almost always contain peptidoglycan
5. Most often divide by binary fission

Front 7

Distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotic cells are:

Back 7

1. Membrane bound nucleus
2. DNA of chromosomes associated with Histones
3. Possess mitotic apparatus, mitochondria, ER, and sometimes chloroplasts

Front 8

a bacterial cell's typical size range is ____ to ____ in diameter and ____ to ____ in length.

Back 8

0.2mm to 2.0mm in diameter

2mm to 8mm in length

Front 9

The general term for substances surrounding bacterial cells is ______ which is made up of polysaccharides, peptides or both.

Back 9

Glycocalyx

Front 10

Organized, tightly attached glycocalyx is called:

An unorganized and loosely attached glycocalyx is called:

Back 10

a capsule

a slime layer

Front 11

1. Isotonic:
2. Hypotonic:
3. Hypertonic:

Back 11

1. Equal solute concentrations on both sides of membrane
2. Lower solute concentration outside the cell
3. Higher solute concentration outside the cell

Front 12

permeases are proteins involved in ______ diffusion, which requires a _______ _______.

Back 12

Facilitated
concentration gradient

Front 13

Active transport requires a _____ ______ and energy provided by _____.

Back 13

Carrier protein
ATP hydrolysis

Front 14

_______ replicate independantly of the bacterial chromosome

Back 14

plasmids

Front 15

Yeast cell walls contain the polysaccharides _______ and _______.

Back 15

glucan and mannan

Front 16

an the cytoplasm of Eukaryotic cells the _______, _______, and ________ are collectivly refered to as the cytoskeleton

Back 16

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

Front 17

DNA bound to histones is called a ________.

Back 17

Nucleosome

Front 18

When the cell is not reproducing, DNA and associated proteins are a visable mass called ________.

Back 18

chromatin

Front 19

The function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is:

Back 19

Synthesize, store, and transport proteins and lipids

Front 20

The Golgi complex recieves proteins and lipids from the ER and delivers them to _______ _______ for export from the cell.

Back 20

Secretory vessicals

Front 21

The Kreb's cylcle (or TCA or Citric acid cycle) takes place:

Back 21

In the mitochondrail matrix or the innermost compartment of the mitochondrian.

Front 22

membrane enclosed spheres containing powerful digestive enzymes are called ______.

Back 22

Lysosomes

Front 23

Do bacteria have a sexual reproduction cycle?

Back 23

No, but they transfer DNA fragments (plasmids) via their sex pili.

Front 24

Define the two types of metabolism.

Back 24

Anabolism- biosynthetic reactions that require energy
Catabolism- degradative reactions that yeilds energy

Front 25

Define the two types of metabolism.

Back 25

Anabolism- biosynthetic reactions that require energy
Catabolism- degradative reactions that yeilds energy

Front 26

Do bacteria have a sexual reproduction cycle?

Back 26

No, but they transfer DNA fragments (plasmids) via their sex pili.

Front 27

Define the two types of metabolism.

Back 27

Anabolism- biosynthetic reactions that require energy
Catabolism- degradative reactions that yeilds energy

Front 28

the suffix -ase is used to denote an _______.

Back 28

enzyme

Front 29

oxidase is an enzyme that:

hydrogenase is an enzyme that:

Back 29

adds oxygen
removes hydrogen

Front 30

a cofactor is:

Back 30

a nonprotein component of some enzymes required for enzymatic activity

Front 31

cofactors that are metal ions or organic molecules are called:

Back 31

coenzymes

Front 32

In the electron transport chain, H+ are pumped from the _______ into the _______ of the mitochondria.

Back 32

matrix
intermembrane space

Front 33

four important coenzymes derived from vitamines are:

Back 33

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Front 34

Factors influencing enzymatic activity are:

Back 34

temperature
pH
substrate concentration
inhibitors

Front 35

a substance that competes with the normal enzyme substrate for the active site of the enzyme:

Back 35

competitive inhibitor

Front 36

Noncompetitive inhibitors act by:

Back 36

decreasing the ability of the normal substrate to combine with the enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a secondary site called the allosteric site. The process allosteric inhibition changes the shape of the enzymes active site, making it nonfunctional.

Front 37

In some metabolic processes, the final product can be an inhibitor in a process called _______ ________.

Back 37

Feedback inhibition (end-product inhibition)

Front 38

Strands of RNA can be cut and spliced by special enzymes called:

Back 38

Ribozymes

Front 39

Oxidation is:

Reduction is:

Back 39

adding oxygen or removing electrons or hydrogen ions (H+)

removing oxygen or adding electrons or hydrogen ions (H=)

Front 40

highly ______ compounds such as glucose, with many hydrogen atoms, contain much potential energy.

Back 40

reduced

Front 41

oxidative phosphorylation is:

Back 41

the removal of electrons from organic compounds that are transferred in a sequence down an electron transport chain to a final electron accepter such as oxygen, releasing energy in the process to be used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

Front 42

substrate level phosphorylation is:

Back 42

does not require oxygen or any other final electron acceptor, but rather phosphorylates a molecule (such as ADP to ATP) by the direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate from another molecule (such as an intermediate metabolic compound)

Front 43

Glucose is broken down to ________ by the process known as _______.

Back 43

Pyruvate
Glycolysis

Front 44

glycolysis is the first stage of both _______ and _______.

Back 44

respiration
fermentation

Front 45

_____ ATP are needed to start glycolysis and ______ ATP are produced.

Back 45

2 ATP
4 ATP (which is a net of 2 ATP gained)

Front 46

Glycolysis takes place in ________.

Back 46

the cytoplasm

Front 47

The ATP generated by glycolysis are formed by ________ phosphorylation.

Back 47

substrate level

Front 48

How many reactions are there in glycolysis?

Back 48

10

Front 49

Hexokinase:

Back 49

hydrolyzes one ATP molecule to convert Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate.

Front 50

isomerases:

Back 50

are enzymes that convert a molecule into a diffrent isomer of that molecule.

Front 51

Kinases:

Back 51

are enxymes that add or remove phosphates from molecules

Front 52

Phosphoglucose isomerase:

Back 52

converts Glucose-6-phosphate to Fructose-6-phosphate

Front 53

Phosphofructokinase:

Back 53

hydrolyzes one ATP to convert Fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Front 54

Aldolase:

Back 54

splits Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into one molecule of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and one molecule of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (PGAL)

Front 55

Triose phosphate isomerase:

Back 55

Converts Dihydroxyacetone phosphate to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate