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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ab cross linked whole cell antigen, forming three dimensional complexes that settle our and form visible clump
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Agglutination Test (immune testing)
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Diffusion of Ags and Abs in a soft agar gel
Diffusion of Ags and Abs in a soft agar gel forming zone of precipitation where they met |
Double diffusion precipitation test
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Function of the immune systems harms host
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Hypersensitivity or Allergy (over reaction of the immune system)
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Types of Hypersensitivity
Type I Immediate (anaphylactic) hypersensitivity |
fast within a few minutes, no symptoms (first exposure)
2nd exposure = host experience symptoms IgE procuded |
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Hypersensitivity Atopy
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Hay fever - seasonal reaction to pollen
food allergy |
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Anaphylaxis (hypersensitivity)
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Cutaneous
or Systemic |
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Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivyt
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Ab directed at cell surface antigens activates C to damage the cells
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Primary mediators of Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
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IgG or IgM and C factor (blood protein)
B cells involved Ex) body reaction when bad blood is received |
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Type III - Immune complex hypersensitivity
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Deposition of immune complex which activate the compliment and cause inflammation
Ex) complication foloowing strep infection - Rheumatic Fever, Acute Glomerulnephritis |
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Type IV Cell mediated (delayed) Hypersensitivity
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function of T lymphocyte (B cell is not involved)
Ex) Poison Oak/Ivy and Rejection of Organ |
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Pyogenic cocci
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cause pus forming infection
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3 types of pyogenic cocci
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Staphylococci G(+)
Streptococci G(+) Neisseria G(-) |
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characteristic of staphylococcus
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non-motile
non-spore forming irregular clusters faculative anaerobe salt tolerant catalase (+) Fermentative pigmented large colonies |
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Staphylococcus Aureus (most common pathogen of group)
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Virulence Factors
1- Coagulase- Coagulates plasma and blood( MOST USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC ENZAYME ) 2- Halurindiase- Digests ground substance around the cells (dissolve cement of cells) 3- Staphylokinase- Digests blood clots 4- Nuclease- attack DNA 5-Cytotoxin: |
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Staphylococcus Aureus - hemolysin
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lyse red blood cells
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Staphylococcus Aureus - Luekocidin
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alter permeability of neutrophils, can kill blood cells (phagocytosis)
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Staphylococcus Aureus - Entrotoxin
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act upon GI tract (Cause FOOD Poisoning
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Staphylococcus Aureus - Toxic Shock syndrome
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toxemia in women due to infection of vagina
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Target of infection : skin and gland
Systemic infection: bone and joint epidemiology: poor hygiene and nutrition, diabetes melliutus and persisting primary infections |
Staphylococcus Aureus
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Skin infection of Staphylococcus Aureus
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folliculitis - superficial infection (mild)
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A boil or ____ extends into the subcutaneous area (Staphylococcus Aureus infection)
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furuncle
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most severe skin infection (deep subcutaneous tissue) Staphylococcus Aureus infection
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carbuncle
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encrusted pustules on superficial layers of skin
Staphylococcus Aureus |
impetigo
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eye
Staphylococcus Aureus |
conjuctivitis
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lungs
Staphylococcus Aureus |
pneumonia
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wounds
Staphylococcus Aureus |
especially in abdomen
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blood stream or lymphatic disseminated infections (systemic)
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occur away from the infection site
are chronic and difficult to cure |
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Disseminated infections
diaphysis of long bones ? permanent cartilage damage especially in hip ? drug abuser or within 2 months of heart surgery |
Osteomyelitis
pyoarthritis acute bacterial endocarditis |
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Toxin Associated infection
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scalded skin syndrome
toxic shock syndrome food poisoning enterocolotitis |
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Streptococcus
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spherical shape
long bead like chains non spore forming facultative anaerobes ferment sugar with lactic acid production small colonies catalase negative a peroxidase system for inactivation of Hydrogen peroxide |
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Group A B C and some of D are
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beta hymolytic
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Group A
cause throat infection |
inhabit throat, and pharnyx and skin
streptococcus pyogenes (Beta hemolytic) |
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Group A
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Virulance factors:
1- Capsule 2- C- carbohydrate- protect bacterium from being dissolved by the host lysozyme 3- M protein- main component of fimbriae All are antiphagocyitic and adherence factor |
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Group A
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joint , heart, and subcutaneous tissue
(delayed inflammatory reaction - rhematic fever) Treatment : Penicillin, Erythromycin or cephalosporin |
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Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci
(Viridan Group) |
S. mits,
S. mutans, S. sanguis most numerous of oral cavity |
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steptococci pneumonia
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treatment penicillin, clindamycin, erythtomycin and cephalosporin
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Neisseriaceae
Neisseria and Moraxella |
Neisseria = pilli (slow down phag)
Neisseria gonirrheae (top 5 STD) pili promote attachment of cocci to tissue Treatment: Penicllin |
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Nesseria Menigoccus
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menigitis in young children
Serious complication due to meningococcemia bacteria entering the blood vessel rapidly permeate the meninges and produces symptoms of meningitis |
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Other gram negative cocci:
1-___________-common member of throat flora, and can cause opportunistic infection 2- ________, a short rods that colonies mammalian mucous membrane |
Branhamella catarrhlis
moraxella |
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Gram positive bacilli
aerobic : Anaerobic: |
aerobe: bacillus
anaerobe: clostridum non-spore forming |
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The continuing reservoir of infection is human Neisseria meingitidis is the second most
frequent cause of in young children |
meningitis
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Serious complication due to meningococcemia bacteria entering the blood vessel rapidly permeate the meninges and produces symptoms of
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meningitis
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- short rods that colonies mammalian mucous membrane
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Moraxella (gram negative cocci)
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common member of throat flora and can cause opportunitistic infection
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branhamella catarrhlis (gram negative cocci)
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Gram Positive Bacilli: Aerobic
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Bacillus
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Gram positive bacili: anaerobic
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Clostridium
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Motile, Rod-shape, endospore, heat resistant. Zoonatic disease of domesticated animal
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Kock and Pasteur used these
Bacillus Clostridium |
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cutaneous anthrax
exotoxins produce a toxemia with cardiovascular shock |
treatment via pennicllin
skin through small cuit |
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pulmonary anthrax
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infected by airborne pathogens
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soft tissue and wound infection (gang green)
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clostridium Prifringes
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clostridium tetani
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neuramuscular disease (lockjaw)
common resident of cultivated soil and GI tracts of humans and animal |
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Clostridium botulinum
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improperly cooked home canned food (produce botulin toxin)
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food toxication
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toxin
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food infection
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bacteria
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most common food poisoning in USa
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Staphylococcal food intoxication
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corynebacterium produces
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diphtherotoxin
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causes destruction of epithelium and causes superficial inflammatory response and formation of a grayish " psuedo membrane"
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diphteria (2 stages)
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Strepthroat
Scarlet Fever Endocarditis Rheumatic Fever |
Streptococcysus pyogenes
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Virulence associated with N. Gonorhea is
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pili and protease
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Meningitis is #2 in the USA
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Neisseria menigitidis
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Nucleic Acids , Proteins, Capsid all found in
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virus
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Viruses that do not destroy their host are termed
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lysogenic
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have an unusual enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase which can convert and single strand RNA into a double stranded DNA (AIDS)
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Retroviruses
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Para viruses are ______ DNA virus
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single stranded
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RNA virus
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circular
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The use of aspirin is not recommended in the case of chicken pox inrection due to the risk of
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Reye syndrome disease
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Kissing Disease
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Ebstein-Barr
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The most specific test for detection of AIDS
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Western Blot Test
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Viruses can multiply in the essential nutrient
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false
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enveloped viruses release from the infected cells by a injection in to the cell wall by ____ released by _____
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engulfment
budding |
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Herpes Virus has an enzyme called _____ that is involved in viral DNA
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Reverse Transcriptase
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Varicella zoster virus establishes latent infection in the nerve cells of
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Trigeminal ganglion
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What is the name of disease that is very common in college student
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Ebstein barr infection (kissing)
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genetic defenses include
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species specificity
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serum can clot and plasma cannot
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false ... plasma clots
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the identification of foreign particles by the body is called
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recognition
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attraction of phagotic cells due to the chemical stimulus from the microorganism is called
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chemotaxis
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The maturation of B cells will be done in
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bone marrow
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post chicken pox
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natural , active immunity
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placent transferal and milk
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natural passive immunity
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native natural immunity
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species
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tetanous antitoxin
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artificial passive immunity
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DPT
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artificial active immunity
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this enzyme (membrane attack complex) digests hole in the cell membranes of bacterial cells and enveloped viruses , thereby destroying them
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cytokine
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Oposonins are effective because they coat the surface of bacteria, facilitate their ingestion by
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phagocytosis
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The FC region of this antibody binds to the surface of mast cells, triggers ALLERGIC reactions of the immediate type through the release of mediators
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IgE
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Compliment operateson the way that one component activates the next in line which activates the next
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True
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The portion of the antibody that binds to the compliment is referred to as
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Fab
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encapsulated containing SSS
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streptococcus pneumoniae
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bearshaped
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N. Gonearhea
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Spore former black shaped angular rods
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Bacillus Anthracis
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Tetanus
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Clostridium Tetani
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coliform bacteria
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echerichia coli
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by what mechanism does lacrimation (tearing) provide defense from microbial infection
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provide a chemical barrier
contains lysosomes |
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The maturation of T cells will be done in the
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Thymus
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Barriers involved in the first line of defense
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physical , chemical, genetic
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_____ of gram (-) bacterium produce fever by resetting the thermostat in the hypothalamus
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Endotoxins
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Main function is phagocytosis
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neutrophils
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the actual source of antibody is the
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B cell
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Herpes simplex I becomes latent in the
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trigeminal ganglion
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the natural habitat of the ebstein barr virus is the
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human lymphoid tissue and salivary glands
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retroviruses have an unusual enzyme called ___ which can convert a single strand RNA into an double strand
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reversetranscriptase
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Viruses like agents with atypical chemical and physical properties that cause spongiform encephalopathies is called
it's a microbial agent that is not a cell and made of proteinous molecules |
prions
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the smallest unit of a complex antigen able to bind to a antibody is
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epitope
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associated with an allergy
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IgE
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secondary response, memory antibodies
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IgG
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Associated with mucous membeanes
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IgA
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the antibody with the highest activity and highest number of heavy and light chains is the
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IgM
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Allergic response requires exposures to allergen T/F
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True
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toxic shock syndrome is a disease process caused bya toxinproduced by
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S. aureus
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Pharyngitis or tonsilitis (strep throat)
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Strep. pyrogenes
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recovery from the mumps
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natural active immunity
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fetus receives tetanus antibodies
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natural passive immumioty
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injection of Hep B antibodies
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Artificial active immunity
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no antigen memory
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passive immunity general
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vaccination against polio
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artificial passive immunity
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auto immunity is
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hypersensitivity to self
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disease o fthe kidneys thought to be the result of autoimmune response to various Strepcocci antigens
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acute glumeronphritis
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memory cells are
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B and T cells
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the portion of the antibody that binds to the compliment/antigen is reffered to
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Fab
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the term for a constant number of cases during a long period of time in a geographic locale
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endemic
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post mumps
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natural active immunity
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placenta transfers milk
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natural passive
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tetanus antitoxin
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artificial passive
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no antigen memory
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passive immunity
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flu vaccination
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artificial active
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most DNA viruses have the ability to transform normal cells to abnormal cells T/F
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True
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Entertotube
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entrobacterium clocae
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NET test
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N. meniningitis
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MSA
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Staph, Aureus
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spore former
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bacilius cerus
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blood agar
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hemolysis
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for identifying of the gram + bacilli which of the follow test are required
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blood agar hemolysis
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latent viral infection implies that the virus has entered the host's cell
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chromosome
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Beubonic plague caused by
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yensinia pestis
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complex viruses are enclosed by a
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nuclear cytoplasmic membrane of the host
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an example of complex virus is
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herpes simplex
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Edema is typical of many viral infections but it is not a prominent feature of
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enteroviral infections
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DNA replicate within
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the nucleus
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Herpes hamins (II) is transmitted by
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sexual contact
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Viruses are classified into two major groups according to their nucleoprotein content, DNA or RNA T/F
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true
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Viruses usually affect the host via
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mucous membrane
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teschonme isa disease fo the
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eyes
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Rickets in men cause
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typhus
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Ricketsickrkektsi causes
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rocky mtn spotted fever
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mycoplasma are termed atypical because they
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lacka cell wall
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primary syphilis
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open lesions termed chancre
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The reticuloendothelial system
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are connective tissue fibers
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which line of defense is for long term immunity
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3rd line
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Which can grow in MSA
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Staph. Epidermis
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which of the follow are catalase +
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staph. epidermis
staph aureus |
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which of the follow are catalase -
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Any strep
Strep. pneumonia strep. salivarius |
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which is the most super ior structure on the microscope
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ocular lens
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this type of rod shape bacterium has spores
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bacillus megatrium and cereus
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bacteria, fungi and heminth worths
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are all prokaryotic cells
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the _____ filament provides movement for the microbe
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axial filament
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fimbrae
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short appendage used for site of attachment
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the type of mutation occurs when there is a displacement of an amino acid in the code
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missense mutation
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All are hemolytic types of bacteria except
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Granhamella catarrhalis
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e.coli
psuedomonas aeruginas proteus vulgaris bacillus cereus |
Gram - bacillus
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Spores can be stained via gram staining T/F
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false
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which causes jaundice in the hepatitis patient
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bilirubin accumulating in the blood
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integration of viral DNA in the bac terial DNA is the initiation of the phasse of the bacteriophage replication
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lysogenic
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3 layers of cell envelope
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glycocalyx (surface)
- slime layer (loose) - capsules (tightly bound) cell wall - peptidoglycans cell membrane |
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bacteria with no cell wall
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microplasma
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purple bacteria
1 layer of peptidoglycan bacteria |
gram positive cell wall
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pink bacteria
no outer membrane thin peptidoglycan 2 layers |
gram negative cell wall
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Gram staining is a
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differential stain
primary (violet) Secondary (saffrin) |
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internal content of protoplasm
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cell pool
chromatin body (nucleoid) plasmid (made of DNA) ribosomes (protein synthesis) mesosomes (ext of cell mem.) granules ( storage of organic compounds) |
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bacterial endospore that holds a copy of DNA
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Gram +
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cocci
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single pair tetrad, cluster and chain
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baccilus
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single paired, chain
palisades (star shaped) |
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N. Meningitis
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coffee bean shaped
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