Microbiology 221 Final

Front 1

T/F

Viruses are acellular

Back 1

T

Front 2

T/F

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

Back 2

T

Front 3

T/F

Viruses are ametabolic outside of a cell

Back 3

T

Front 4

T/F

Viruses cause most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world

Back 4

T

Front 5

What genetic material does a virus contain?

Back 5

Either single or double stranded DNA or RNA

Front 6

What are viroids?

Back 6

Naked circular pieces of RNA that cause diseases in plants only

Front 7

Name four ways viruses are classified.

Back 7

By:

1. Their type of nucleic acid
2. The presence or absence of an envelope
3. Their shape
4. Their size

Front 8

A prophage is a bacteriophage that...

Back 8

Has undergone lysogeny

Front 9

What's lysogeny?

Back 9

When a bacteriophage attaches to the host cell and fuses the nucleic acid/genetic material into the host cell, which starts replicating viruses.

Front 10

What causes mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma?

Back 10

Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4)

Front 11

Causes chickenpox and shingles

Back 11

Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3)

Front 12

Causes Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients

Back 12

Radinovirus (HHV-8)

Front 13

Causes smallpox

Back 13

Variola

Front 14

Causes gingivostomatitis and recurrent cold sores

Back 14

Human herpesvirus I (HHV-1)

Front 15

Granules contain histamine and stain blue with methylene blue; involved in inflammation and allergies

Back 15

Basophil

Front 16

Granules stain red to orange with acidic dye eosin; important in resistance to parasites

Back 16

Eosinophil

Front 17

Agranulocyte important in adaptive immunity; exist in 3 varieties: T, B, and NK

Back 17

Lymphocyte

Front 18

Granules stain lilac; most abundant leukocyte in circulation; a major phagocytic cell

Back 18

Neutrophil

Front 19

Agranulocyte which eventually leaves the blood and matures into a macrophage

Back 19

Monocyte

Front 20

Kupffer cells, microglial cells, and alveolar (dust) cells are all types of....

Back 20

macrophages

Front 21

T/F

Plasma is mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins

Back 21

T

Front 22

T/F

Plasma minus the clotting factors is serum

Back 22

T

Front 23

T/F

Plasma is what is left when cells are removed from un-coagulated blood

Back 23

T

Front 24

Antibodies activate what pathway?

Back 24

The classical complement pathway

Front 25

A pyrogen does what?

Back 25

Causes the generalized fever response

Front 26

Causes otitis media, pneumonia (85% of all cases), and meningitis; large polysaccharide capsule is the main virulence factor; produces an IgA protease

Back 26

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 27

Lancefield group D; can grow in harsh conditions (45 degrees C, pH of 9.6, 6.5% NaCl); resistant to many commonly used antibiotics; cause bacteremias, endocarditis, and UTIs.

Back 27

Enterococcus species

Front 28

Causes boils, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome

Back 28

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 29

Produce the matrix of dental plaque and dental caries; lack group-specific carbohydrates and not Lancefield typeable

Back 29

Viridans Streptococci

Front 30

The cause of pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and necrotizing fascitis; Lancfield Group A

Back 30

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 31

Causes neonatal bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia; Lancfield Group B

Back 31

Streptococcus agalactiae

Front 32

The most common organism on the skin's surface; an opportunistic pathogen that causes disease in immunocompromised patients or when introduced into sterile body sites

Back 32

Staphylococcus epidermis

Front 33

Which organism produces protein A, a substance that thwarts phagocytosis by binding the Fc region of IgG, and also produces coagulase that causes fibrin clots to form?

Back 33

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 34

MRSA refers to which organism?

Back 34

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 35

Which organism produces protein M, a substance that interferes with opsonization and lysis by destabilizing complement? Hint: This organism possesses a hyaluronic acid capsule.

Back 35

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 36

Causes gastritis and most peptic ulcers; produces a protein that inhibits acid production and a potent urease which neutralizes stomach acid; is motile via flagella.

Back 36

Helicobacter pylori

Front 37

Is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans; energy parasites with a two-stage life cycle; one of the most common sexually transmitted organisms in the US (LGV strain)

Back 37

Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 38

Curved gram-negayive rod that causes explosive diarrhea; toxin activates adenylate cyclase causing fluid and electrolyte loss; pandemic strains are O1 El Tor and O139 Bengal

Back 38

Vibrio cholerae

Front 39

Causes primary atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia); this bacterium has no cell wall and has an obligate requirement for cholesterol in the growth medium

Back 39

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 40

Humans are infected with this zoonotic pathogen through exposure to contaminated urine; can cause kidney and liver dysfunction; a thin spirochete with one end hooked like a question mark

Back 40

Leptospira interrogans

Front 41

Obligate intracellular pathogen that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; transmitted by Dermacentor hard ticks

Back 41

Rickettsia rickettsii

Front 42

Causes the STD syphilis; has never been grown in cell-free media; is an obligate pathogen of humans only

Back 42

Treponema pallidum pallidum

Front 43

Likely the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US; curved rod that is microaerphilic and capneic; causes a zoonotic disease most often from contaminated poultry

Back 43

Campylobacter jejuni

Front 44

Causes Lyme disease; transmitted by Ixodes hard ticks; causes a bull's-eye rash, neurological symptoms, and arthritis that can last for years

Back 44

Borrelia burgdorferi

Front 45

Obligate intracellular pathogen that causes epidemic typhus; spread by the human body louse; recurrent disease is called Brill-Zinsser disease

Back 45

Rickettsia prowazekii

Front 46

Anthrax

Back 46

Bacillus Anthracis

Front 47

Tetanus

Back 47

Clostridium Tetani

Front 48

What is artificial bioremediation?

Back 48

Microbes are genetically modified by recombinant DNA technology to specifically degrade certain chemicals

Front 49

What is a use of Pseudomonas?

Back 49

degradation of crude oil

Front 50

What is bioremediation? Name two types.

Back 50

uses organisms to clean up toxic, hazardous, and recalcitrant compounds by degrading them to less harmful forms

Artificial and natural

Front 51

What is natural bioremediation?

Back 51

Microbes are “encouraged” to degrade toxic substances in soil or water. Occurs by the addition of nutrients that stimulate growth of chemicals that facilitate microbial access and activity by increasing the solubility of toxic compounds

Front 52

What is BOD?

Back 52

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

A measure of the amount of oxygen aerobic bacteria require to metabolize wastes in water

Front 53

What are Biosensors?

Back 53

Devices that combine bacteria with electronic measuring devices to detect other bacteria, bacterial products, or chemical compounds in the environment

Front 54

What are Bioreporters?

Back 54

Sensors composed of microbes with innate signaling capabilities, such as the ability to glow in the presence of biological or chemical compounds

Front 55

Who developed a smallpox immunization?

Back 55

Edward Jenner

Front 56

Who sought a magic bullet to destroy pathogens?

Back 56

Paul Ehrlich

Front 57

Who discovered penicillin?

Back 57

Alexander Flemming

Front 58

Who pioneered aseptic surgery?

Back 58

Joseph Lister

Front 59

Who is the Father of Epidemiology (cholera in London)?

Back 59

John Snow

Front 60

Who pioneered asepsis by discovering that hand washing prevented streptococcal infections in obstetric patients?

Back 60

Ignaz Semmelweis

Front 61

Who pioneered the cultivation of bacteria on solid media?

Back 61

Robert Koch

Front 62

Who was the first person to see bacteria?

Back 62

Antoni Leeuwenhoek

Front 63

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of flies from meat (father of the scientific method)?

Back 63

Francesco Redi

Front 64

What microorganism is noted for it's variety of locomotive structures?

Back 64

protozoa

Front 65

Who proposed that all cellular life belongs to one of three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) based upon rRNA sequences?

Back 65

Carl Woese

Front 66

Natural fermentation of corn, grass, and grain stalks

Back 66

Silage

Front 67

Fruit solids and juices in wine production

Back 67

Must

Front 68

Sugary liquid from malted barley in beer production

Back 68

Wort

Front 69

Dried germinated barley

Back 69

Malt

Front 70

Liquid waste from cheese production

Back 70

Whey

Front 71

MUG tests indicate the presence of...

Back 71

E. coli

Front 72

The conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas is...

Back 72

Denitrification

Front 73

Cell membranes are least permeable to what?

Back 73

Hydrogen ions

Front 74

Short, numerous, non-motile projections used for adherence

Back 74

Fimbriae

Front 75

Made of tubulin in Eukaryotes

Back 75

Flagella

Front 76

Responsible for motility in spirochetes

Back 76

Axial Filaments

Front 77

Have a central role in conjugation

Back 77

Pili

Front 78

The endosymbiotic theory explains the its presence in the cell

Back 78

mitochondrion

Front 79

Composed of RNA and protein; role in protein synthesis

Back 79

Ribosomes

Front 80

What type of bacteria:

Teichoic Acid

Back 80

Gram-positive

Front 81

What type of bacteria:

Lipopolysaccharide

Back 81

Gram-negative

Front 82

What type of bacteria:

Peptidoglycan

Back 82

Gram-positive, gram-negative, acid-fast

Front 83

What type of bacteria:

Mycolic acids

Back 83

Acid-fast

Front 84

What type of bacteria:

Lipid A

Back 84

Gram-negative

Front 85

What type of bacteria:

Appears blue after an acid-fast stain

Back 85

Gram positive and gram negative

Front 86

Cells of the genus mycoplasma lack what?

Back 86

A cell wall.

Front 87

Causes most of the common colds

Back 87

Rhinovirus

Front 88

An enterovirus that causes epidemics of paralysis which were particularly frightening for parents. Famous victims were Franklin D. Roosevelt and Itzhak Perlman

Back 88

Poliovirus

Front 89

Causes annual pandemics of influenza

Back 89

Orthomyxovirus

Front 90

Causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Back 90

Bunyavirus

Front 91

Have naked star-shaped capsids; cause diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; causes more gastrointestinal disease in the U.S. than all bacterial and protozoal agents combined

Back 91

Calicivirus (noroviruses)