Microbiology

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atom

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smallest component of a pure substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties

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molecule

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atoms interact to make up molecules

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chemistry

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the science of interaction between atoms and molecules

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nucleus

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central to an atom

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electrons

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particles that move around the nucleus in patterns known as electron configurations

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protons

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positivly charged particles

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neutrons

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uncharged particles

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charge

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a property of some subatomic particles that produces an attractive or repulsive force between them.

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atomic number

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the number of protons in the nucleus

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atomic weight

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the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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chemical element

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all atoms with the same number of protons behave in the same way chemically

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how many naturally occurring elements are there?

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92

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how many elements occur in living things

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26

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isotopes

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atoms with a different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

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electrons shells

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regions corresponding to different energy levels

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the arrangement of electrons

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electron configuration

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What about the electron outer shell makes an atom react with another atom?

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when it is partially filled

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valence

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combining capacity; the number of extra or missing electrons in its outermost shell

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First electron shell thru 3 holds how many electrons

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2, 8, 8

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compound

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a molecule that contains at least two different kinds of atoms

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chemical bonds

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attractive force between atoms forming a molecule

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ionic bond

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is an attraction between ions of an opposite charge that holds them together to form a stable molecule

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ion

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negativly or positively charged atom, or group of atoms

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cations

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a positively charged ion when an atoms loses its electrons due to having less than half its outer shell filled

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anions

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negatively charged ions when an atom gains electrons

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covalent bond (double, single, triple)

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chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons
single- atoms that share one pair of electrons
double-atoms that share 2 pairs etc

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hydrogen bond

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a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen atoms

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molecular weight

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the sum of all atomic weights of all its atoms

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mole

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an atoms molecular weight expressed in grams

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chemical reactions

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invole the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

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chemical energy

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the energy of a chemical reaction

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endergonic reaction

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a reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases

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exergonic

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a reactions that releases more energy than it absorbs

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synthesis reaction

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when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

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anabolism

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pathways of synthesis reactions in living organisms

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decomposition reaction

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the reverse of a synthesis reaction (bonds are broken)

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catabolism

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decomposition reactions that occur in living organisms
AB----> A + B

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exchange reactions

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part synthesis, part decomposition
AB+CD-----> AD + BC

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bioremediation

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using bacteria to degrade pollution

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reversible reaction

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a chemical reaction readily reversible

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inorganic compounds

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molecules, usually small, simple and lack carbon

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organic compounds

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always contain carbon and hydrogen and are structurally complex

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examples of inorganic compounds

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water, molecular oxygen, carbon dioxide, many salts, acids, and bases

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some organic molecules

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polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids

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macromolecules

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contains thousands of atoms

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polar molecule

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any molecule having such an unequal distribution of charges (ex water)

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solvent

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dissolving medium

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dissociation

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separation

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solute

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dissolving substance

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ionization

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dissociation (as acids, bases, and salts)

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acid

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a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more negative ions (anions)

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base

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dissociates into one or more positive ions (cations) plus one or more negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-) that can accept, or combine , with protons

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salt

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substance that dissociates in water into cations, anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

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pH scale

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expresses the amount of H+ in a solution ranging from 0-14, lower being acidic with more H+, higher being basic with more OH-

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buffers

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compounds that help keep the pH from changing drastically

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carbon skeleton

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the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

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functional groups

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the bonding of other elements with carbon and hydrogen form them....specific groups of atoms that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions and are responsible for most of the characteristic properties of a particular organic compound

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polymers

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large molecules formed by covalent bonding of many repeating molecules called monomers.

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dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)

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de- from
hydro- water
a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released

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carbs

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large diverse group of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
ration of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is always 2-1

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monosaccharide

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simple sugars, containing 3-7 carbon atoms

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disaccharide

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when two monosaccharides bond in dehydration synthesis
ex: glucose and fructose

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isomers

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two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures and properties

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hydrolysis

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the reverse of dehydration synthesis

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polysaccharides

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consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis, classified as macromolecules

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lipids

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another major group of organic compounds found in living matter
nonpolar molecules
most insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents

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simple lipids

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fats, tryglycerides

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ester linkage

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the chemical bond formed where the molecule of water is removed

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primary function of lipids

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to form plasma membranes that enclose cells

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saturated

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a fatty acid that has no double bonds

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unsaturated

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cis (H atoms on either side of double bond)
trans (H atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond)

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which bond is the strongest

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covalent bond

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complex lipids

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ex: phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur

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phospholipids

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made up of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group bonded to one of several organic groups
they are lipids that build membranes

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hydrophilic

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water loving

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hydrophobic

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water-fearing

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steriods

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a specific group of lipids including cholesterol and hormones

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proteins

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organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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enzymes

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proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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transporter proteins

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help transport certain chemicals into and out of cells

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bacteriocins

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kill other bacteria

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primary structure of protein

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unique sequence in which the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain

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secondary structure of protein

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localized, repetitious twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain
consists of helices and pleated sheets

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tertiary structure

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refers to the overall 3 D structure of a polypeptide chain

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disulfide bridges

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proteins that contain the amino acid cysteine form strong covalent bonds holding part of the protein together

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quaternary structure

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consists of aggregation of two of more kinds of individual polypeptide chains

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denaturation

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a protein that unravels and loses its structure, no longer functional

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simple proteins

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only contain amino acids

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conjugated proteins

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are combinations of amino acids with other organic or inorganic components

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid is the substance of which genes are made (in all cells and some viruses)

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RNA

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ribonucleic acid, the class of nucleic acids that comprises messenger rna, ribosomal rna, and transfer rna

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adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

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bases

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purines

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AG double ringed structures

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pyrimidines

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TCU single ringed structures

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nucleoside

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combinations of purine and pyrimidine plus a pentose sugar

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double helix

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looks like a twisted ladder, and each strand is composed of many nucleotides

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backbone

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consisting of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

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A is always paired with

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T: both held by two hydrogen bonds

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G is always paired with

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C: held by 3 hydrogen bonds

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ATP

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the principle energy carrying molecule of all cells and is indispensible to the life of the cell.

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ATP consists of

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an adenosine unit (adenine and ribose), w 3 phosphate groups

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ATP is called a high-energy molecule because it is hydrolized to become...

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ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

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the addition of a phosphate group to ADP and the input of energy produces more...

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ATP