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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Size of a Prokaryotic Cell |
Typically .20-2.0 |
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Size of a Eukaryotic Cell |
Typically 10-100 |
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Which cells have nucleus |
Eukaryotic- a true nucleus |
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Which cells have membrane bound organelles |
Eukaryotic, like lysosomes, golgi complex, mitochondria |
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What are Prokaryotic flagella made of? |
Submicroscopic, consists of two protein building blocks
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What are Eukaryotic flagella made of? |
Microscopic, complex- consists of multiple microtubules |
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What is the glycocalyx in a prokaryotic? |
Present as a capsule or slime layer |
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What is the glycocalyx in a Eukaryotic? |
Present in some cells that lack a cell wall |
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A cell wall in a Prokaryotic cell is... |
Usually present, chemically complex, in bacteria will include peptidoglycan |
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A cell wall in a Eukaryotic cell is... |
If present, then it's chemically simple |
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Plasma membrane in a Prokaryotic Cell... |
No carbohydrates and generally lack sterols |
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Plasma membrane in a Eukaryotic Cell... |
Sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors
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Cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell... |
No cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming |
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Cytoplasm in a Eukaryotic cell... |
cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming |
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Ribosomes in a Prokaryotic cell.... |
smaller size(70s)
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Ribosomes in a Ekaryotic cell |
Larger size (80s) smaller size (70s) in organelle
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Chromosome arrangement in prokaryotic cells |
single circular chromosomes, lack histones |
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Chromosome arrangement in Eukaryoic cells |
multiple linear chromosomes with histones |
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Cell division in Prokaryotic cells |
Binary Fission |
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Cell division in Eukaryotic cells |
mitosis |
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Sexual reproduction of Prokarytoic cells |
No meiosis, transfer of DNA fragments only |
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Sexual reproduction of Eukaryotic cells |
involves meiosis |
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Where is photosynthesis in a Prokaryotic cell? |
In cell membrane |
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Where is photosynthesis in a Eukaryotic cell? |
Chloroplast |
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Kinds of MO in Prokaryotic cells |
Bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea |
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Kinds of MO in Eukaryotic cells |
Algae, fungi (mold and yeast), Protozoa, plants and animals |
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Where is the energy production in a Prokaryotic cell? |
Membrane |
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Where is the energy production in a Eukaryotic cell? |
Mitochondria |
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How many cell types? What are they? |
2 cell types, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
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How many domains? What are they? |
3 domains, archaea, bacteria and eucarya |
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In which cell is a mitochondria found and what is it's function? |
Eukaryotic, it makes ATP, it is an energy production factory |
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In which cell is a cell membrane found and what is it's function? |
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, it's made of phospholipids and proteins and it protects the cell from the outside and has a lipid bilayer |
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In which cell is a cell wall found and what is it's function? |
Both. Prokaryotic have one for shape and support. Eukaryotic plant and fungi cells have them for shape and support. |
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In which type of cell is a capsule found and what is it's function? |
In a prokaryotic, it's for protection and it's sticky to help it adhere to surfaces or stick together in colonies |
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In which type of cell is a ribosome found and what is it's function? |
Both. they are protein synthesizers from rRna |
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In which type of cell is a nucleoid region found and what is it's function? |
In a prokaryotic cell. It contains the main DNA material |
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In which type of cell is a nucleus found and what is it's function? |
It's in a Eukaryotic It is the central compartment for DNA. |
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In which type of cell is an inclusion body- or storage granule- found and what is it's function? |
It is found in both and is used to store energy |
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In which cell type of vacuoles found and what is their function? |
In Eukaryotic. Acts like storage bubbles for food and nutrients in the cell. They are membrane bound.
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In which type of cell is peptidoglycan found and what is it's function? |
In Prokaryotic cells and it is to maintain the shape and support of the cell and to counteract the osmotic pressure |
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In which type of cell are fimbriae found and what is it's function? |
Prokaryotic. They are used to adhere to host cells or epithelial cells to help spread a disease |
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In which type of cell is glycocalyx found and what is it's function? |
It's found in both and it's a sugar coating and it's to protect it from dehydration. |
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In which type of cell is a golgi complex found and what is it's function? |
It's in a Eukaryotic cell and it processes and packages proteins lipids, creates lysosomes and transports lipids |
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In which cell type are pili found and what is it's function? |
They are in Prokaryotic cells and they help to attach to other bacterial cells |
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In which cell type are endospores found and what are their functions? |
They are in prokaryotic cells and they are a major tool of survival. It is a tough shell around the nucleoid region to protect it when it can't survive in some environment. |
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In which cell type are flagella found and what is their function? |
They are found in both and they are the way that the cell is able to move in a whip like fashion |
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In which cell type is the endoplasmic reticulum and what is it's function? |
It's in a Eukaryotic cell and there are two types. The smooth ER is for detox and the rough ER is for synthesis and packaging of proteins |
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In which cell types is chloroplast found and what is it's function? |
It is found in Eukaryotic cells and this is where photosynthesis takes place and it converts light to energy and sugars like glucose. |
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What cell type are archaea? |
Prokaryotic cell type- A |
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What cell type are bacteria? |
Prokaryotic cell type- B |
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What cell type are Eukarya? |
Eukaryotic cell type |
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The membrane lipids in archaea are... |
composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage |
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The membrane lipids in bacteria are.... |
composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage |
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The membrane lipids in Eucarya are... |
composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage |
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What is the start signal for protein synthesis in archaea? |
Methionine |
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What is the start signal for protein synthesis in bacteria? |
Formylmethionine |
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What is the start signal for protein synthesis in eucarya? |
Methionine |
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Which of the domains are antibiotic sensitive? |
bacteria |
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Which of the domains are rRNA loop lacking? |
archaea and eucarya |
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Which of the domains has the common arm of tRNA lacking? |
Archaea |
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Which three Kingdoms are included in archaea? |
Mathanogens, extreme halophiles and thermoacidophiles |
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What are the two types of microscopes? |
Light and electron |
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What started microbiology? |
Lens making |
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Who came up with Cell theory? |
Robert Hooke |
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What is Cell theory? |
Not only are there things that are bigger than we can see but also smaller. |
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Reasons why people wouldn't accept Cell theory |
1. There weren't many microscopes (only like 200) 2. Because of spontaneous generation |
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What is spontaneous generation? |
The theory that living things can come from non-living material. |
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Who was the father of microbiology? |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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What did John Needham come up with? |
Heating the meat broth to kill the microbes. |
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What did Lazzaro Spallanzani come up with? |
If you boil the broth and set it on the shelf then the microbes appear. If you boil it and seal it before you put it on the shelf no microbes will appear. Air can't get in the bottle and because there is no air nothing living can survive. |
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Who disproved spontaneous generation? |
Louis Pasteur |
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What did Louis Pasteur come up with? |
Gooseneck flask, proved that you can keep things sterile. |
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What is a gooseneck flask? |
Flask with a long neck where the bacteria get trapped proved that providing oxygen didn't enable spontaneous generation |
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Who is Ignaz Semmelwies |
He was the one that decided that they should wash their hands when they are in the hospital. Didn't catch on until after he died. |
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What did John Needham try to prove? |
That spontaneous generation was real |
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Who discovered the microbial basis of fermentation? |
Louis Pasteur- fermentation |
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Name four things that Louis Pasteur did? |
1. Fermentation through microbes 2. Discovered anaerobes and aerobes 3. Respiration vs Fermentation as a process to make energy 4. Pasteurization to kill the spoilage in wine and is now used in milk. |
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Who is Nicholas Appert? |
He came up with heated canning as a way to preserve food from the microbial spoilage |
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Who came up with Agar for the mixtures? |
By the wife of one of his associates. Angelina and Walther Hesse |
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Besides Koch Postulates what is Robert Koch known for? |
1. He came up with a way to make a pure culture and isolate a single species. 2. He came up with staining techniques 3. streak plate, slant cultures and pour plates |
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What are Koch's postulates? |
1. The MO is found in sick animals 2. It is able to be isolated by being grown in a pure culture and then they are able to identify it 3. It is injected or given to a healthy animal 4. When they animal gets sick they take it and make sure that it was the same one as before. If it is then they know they isolated what causes the sickness. |
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What are Koch's postulates trying to prove? |
They are trying to find the link between the infectious agent and the disease |
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What did Edward Jenner do? |
He established the practice of vaccines. |
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What is Joseph Lister known for? |
He saw that most patients were dying from post-op infections. He figured if he disinfected with a chemical agent they would be better. He ended up just spraying it everywhere but infection did go down. |
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Before Vaccines what was the number one killer? |
Small pox |
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Where did vaccinations start and how did they do them? |
China and India and they would shove scraped off parts of it in their noses. |
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Where did he get the idea of cowpox for the vaccine for small pox |
There was an old wives tale that the milk maids would get the pustules from cowpox when they milked them but then they were immune to smallpox. |
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Who came up with an attenuated vaccine? |
Louis Pasteur came up with it. |
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What is an attenuated vaccine? |
It is a weakened but living form |
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How did he come up with the attenuated vaccine? |
He found it though the livestock disease of anthrax. He also came up with it from Rabies and the kid that was bit and he gave it to him and he was fine. |
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What is gamma globulin ? |
It is taking antibodies out of people and injecting them directly into the person for immediate immunity |
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Who came up with gamma globulin? |
Behring and Kitasato
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What did Alexander Fleming discover? |
Penicillium mold generated a substance that killed bacteria |
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What did Howard Florey and Ernest chain do? |
They purified penicillium into penicillin and created the first antibiotic to save lives. World War 2 there were lots of infections and this helped cure them |
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What did Sergei Winogradsky? |
Came up with the Winogradsky column to grow microbes from natural environments |
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What did Ernst Haekel recognize? |
He recognized that a microbe constitutes a form of life distinct from animals and plants |
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Who distinguished prokaryotic from eukaryotic |
Herbert Copeland and Robert Whittaker
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Who discovered the prokaryotic domain of archaea? |
Carl Woese
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What did Carl Woese create?
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The method of classifying microorganisms and making evolutionary trees |
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What is resolution? |
the smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguished. |
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What is magnification? |
means an increase in the apparent size of an image so as to resolve smaller separations between objects.
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Total magnification= |
Occular lens x objective lens |
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What is refraction? |
The bending of light as it enters a substance and slows its speed |
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What are the two types of microscopes? |
Light and electron |
