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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organisms are included within the study of microbiology
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Organisms with presence of genetic material and or protein
Organisms with simple biological organisms |
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Organisms with simple biological organization
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Non cellular:
Viruses, viroids, and prions Cellular: Prokarya- Achaea, Bacteria Eukarya- Protozoa, algae, fungi |
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What is the ecology of microorganisms?
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Microbes are distributed in air, soil, and in/on other organisms
Producers: Photosynthesis, Algae, Bacteria, Archaea First order consumers: Herbivores (eat producers) Second order consumers: Eat first order consumers Decomposers: Archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa Recycle nutrients via biogeochemical cycle Nitrogen (nucleic and amino acids), Carbon, Sulfur, Iron, Phosphorous Microbes interact w/ living organism via symbiotic relations |
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Why are microbes significant for mankind?
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Microbes produce: Oxygen via photosynthesis, Soil via decomposition activities
Food for humans: Forming base chains, harvests algae and fungi, enzyme and fermentation Drugs and chemicals: Antibiotics, steroids alcohol, proteins by genetically bacteria, pesticides Microbes recycle: Water being used for water purification, sewage treatment, and toxic waste nutrients Microbes damage: Plants used for food crops, animals raised for food, humans via disease Microbes help us understand higher forms of life: Easy to grow, homogenous, suitable for genetic engineering |
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Spontaneous generation
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The belief that living organisms can develop from non-living material e.g. mud or meat or form different types of organisms e.g. geese or barnacles.
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Biogenesis
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The idea that all living organisms are derived from living organisms of the same type
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Francesco Redi
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Mid 1600’s, Italy
Refuted (proved wrong) spontaneous generation of macroscopic organisms Demonstrated that maggots don’t generate (spawn) from meat |
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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Discoveries re-sparked the spontaneous generation controversy for microscopic organisms.
Father of the microscope First to see and describe microorganisms |
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John Needham
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1748, England
Provided support for spontaneous generation He assumed that boiling kills everything When his boiled mutton broth produced large quantities of bacteria he concluded that they spontaneously generated from the broth |
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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1765, Italian man
Boiled broth longer and sealed the flask, no bacteria grew It was argued that he destroyed the “vegetative force” of the broth and degraded the small amount of air that was there |
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Theodore Schwann
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1839
Allowed heated air to enter a broth filled flask through coiled tube As the broth stayed clear, he concluded that microbes cannot spontaneously generate from broth Opponents claimed he had killed the “vegetative force” in the air by heating it |
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Louis Pasteur
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1859, French
Used a swan-necked flask to demonstrate that dust is associated with microbes in the air His 1861 paper used logic to persuade readers that microbes do not spontaneously generate |
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John Tyndall
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1859, England
Demonstrates that if dust is removed from the air, bacteria doesn’t grow Developed Tyndallization, intermittent boiling that eliminates what is now know to be the endospores that caused Pasteur to have inconsistent results By explaining Pasteur’s inconsistent results he helped end the belief in spontaneous generation in favor of biogenesis |
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Ferdinand Cohn
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1876
Discovered endospores His studies resulted in the final overthrow of spontaneous generation |
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Developers of The Cell Theory- Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
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1839, German
Theodor Schwann - Zoologist, observed that all animal tissues were composed of cell Matthias Schleiden- botanist, observed that all plant tissues are composed of cells The two scientist concluded that all organisms are composed of one or more cells and cells are the basic unit of organization Work supported biogenesis |
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Developers of The Cell Theory-Rudolf Virchow
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Austrian
Research supported that all cells arise from preexisting cells Work supported biogenesis |
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Robert Koch
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Germany 1870
Contributed most to the development of pure culture techniques First to offer convincing proof that microbes are associated with disease Koch’s postulates - Method for associating a particular organism with particular disease The golden age of microbiology was from 1875-1915, over 25 pathogens discovered |
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Definition
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Amount of contrast between the specimen and its background
Depends upon quality of lens Improved by certain microscopes Staining organisms improves definition |
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Resolution
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The ability of a lens is to show who closely adjacent points as distinct and separate
The ability of light to pass between two objects The quality of the lens Diameter and density of the lens Medium between the lens and the object And the design of the condenser |
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Negative stains
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The background is stained
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Positive stains
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The cell or a cell structure is stained
Simple Stains: Use single dye, help determine cell morphology Basic stains: contain charged color bearing ions called Chromophores Bind primarily to nucleic acids Acidic stains: Contains negatively charged chromophores, stains protein |
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Differential stains
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Two or more dyes, some parts take the stain while others don’t
Helps classify bacteria and see specific structures Endospore stain, capsule stain |
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What are the Prokarya cell shapes?
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Coccus- spherical
Both Archea and bacteria Bacillus- Rod Both Archea and bacteria Vibrios- Curved rod; always solitary Spirillum- Spiral rod; always solitary Stiff with traditional flagella Spirochete- helical rod; always solitary Flexible with endoflagella |
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What are the arrangements for Coccus?
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Solitary
Chains- STREP Clusters- STAPH Tetrads- Four cells in a square Packets- Eight or more cells arranged as a cube |
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What are the arrangements for Bacillus?
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Solitary
Chains- STREP Palisade- Rod laying side-by-side |
