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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eucaryotes appeared ___ years ago
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2 bilion
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Eukaryotes are believed to come from prokaryotes by ____
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endosymbiosis
--> some organelles of eukaryotes are from prokaryotes |
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All Algae are unicellular
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No. Not all.
some of them are multicellular. |
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what eukaryotic organisms are unicellular?
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some algae and some fungi and all "protoza"
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All eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts?
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No.
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Cilia are only found in _______
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animal cells and some protozoa
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Differences of flagella in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Eukaryotic flagella-thicker, more complex, membraned
- 9+2 - microtubules all along inside |
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9+2 is found in flagella not cilia
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No. both have them.
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Glycocalys of eukaryotes
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of polysaccharides
function in adherence, protection, signal reception |
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___, ____, ____ do not have a cell wall
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protozoa, few algae, all animal cels
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Cilia moves ...
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back and forth
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Cell wall components
- fungal cells - algae |
1. thick layer of chitin /cellulose (inner), thin layer of glycans
2. varies.... cellulose, pectin, mannas, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate |
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Eukaryotic cells have ___in their cell membranes to strenthen their feature when lacing a cell wall
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STEROLS
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Not all eukaryotic cells have ___
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cell wall, choroplast, locomotor organs
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RNA synthesis occurs in all of the nucleus area.
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no. its in necleoLUS especially
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in nucleoplasm, there is "____" a network of dark fibers
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chromatin that attracts for dyes
--> chromosomes and histone proteins |
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NUClEUS is the mot prominent eucaryotic organelle
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yes.
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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum is a ________ network without ribosomes that functions in ____
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closed tubular, nutrient processing and synthesis and storage of nonprotein macromolecules like lipids
(proteins are in RER) |
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Cisternea is in both RER and golgi
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yes
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Different of cisternea in RER and Golgi?
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Cisternae is not continuous in Golgi
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proteins are modified in Golgi with the agent/addition of _____ and ___
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polysaccharides and lipids
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____vesicles are in RER, ___ are in Golgi
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transitional, condensing
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Nucleus controls cell activities through
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network with ribosomes
RER that is attached |
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the structure of lysosome and its directed food vesicle
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phagosome
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Cristae is also in mitochondria
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yes. inner membrane
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Mitochondria of algae and protozoa are _____...
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tubular, fingerlike projections or flattened discs.
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Cristae membranes of mitochondria contain __
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enzymes, elctron carriers for respiration
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spaces around the cristae of mitochondria are filled with liquid _____, and its function is
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matrix, to hold ribosomes, DNA, ool of enzymes and others for metobolic cycle
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Mitochondria is unique that
- during cell division - it has its own ____ - ribosomes |
- separate independently of the cell
- circular DNA - 70S = prokaryotic! |
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Chloroplasts are composed of
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thylakoids,
stroma matric, two membranes circular DNA strand |
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one difference between ribosomes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is
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size/ density
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cytoskeleton roles to
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-anchor organelles
-provide support -permit shape changes -movement |
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-composed of protein actin attached to cell membrane, forming a network throughout the cytoplasm
-amoeboid motion |
Microfilaments
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- hollow tubes to keep the shape of cells, alternative transport system for molecules
- spindle fibers during mitosis - cilia and flagella |
microtubules
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Eucaryotic microbes
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- fungi
-algae -protozoa -parasitic worms |
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Microscopic fungi
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molds, yeasts
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Macroscopic fungi
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mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
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fungi are __cellular
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mostly unicellular
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cell walls of fungal cells have
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polysaccharide, chitin
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cell membranes of fungal cells have
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sterol, ergosterol
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TWO KINDS OF MICROSCOPIC FUNGI (two basic morpholocial types)
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1. mold
2. yeast |
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Mold
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-hyphae
: long threadlike cells |
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Yeast
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round to oval, asexual, pseudohypha
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Only either form of mold and yeast exist
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no DIMIOPHIC exists
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All fungi are heterotrophic
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yes
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some fungi cause ____ in animals and plants that could cause diseases
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MYCOSES
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Vegetative hyphae give rise to ____
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reproductive hyphae that is responsible for making spores
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Fungal spores are not just for reproduction but also for
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survival
: genetic variation, dissemination |
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Spores are good identificying measure for fungi
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yes
subdivision is based on the way the spores arise |
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some protozoa living in freshwater habitats reglate osmotic pressure by.... ______
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contractile vacuoles, expelling excess water
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All protozoa is heterotrophic
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not all, most
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Mycelium
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"woven, interwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold"
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Septa has pores for communication
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not always
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Why are bacteria spores considered nonreproductive?
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Their reproduce out of the endospores in the "right" condition that is more limiting than fungal
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What is Sick Building Syndrme?
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air inside is contaminated sometimes by mold problems
mold: Penicillium and Stachybotrys |
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Symptoms of SBS?
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eye, nose throat irritation
headache (will be gone if recipient leaves this contaminated place) |
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Yeast has cottony, hairy or velvety texture
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no.
Its Filamentous fungi |
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Asexual spore formation through
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1. sporangiospores that rapture from saclike head sporangium
2. conidia that pinch off from "special" hypha/ vegetative hypha |
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THE MOST COMMON FORM OF ASEXUAL SPORE OF FUNGI?
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Conidia
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Types of conidia
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1.arthrospore from rectangular septate hypha frag
2.chlamydospore- thickened spherical of a hyphal cell 3.blastospore-budding from a parent yeast cell/ other conidium 4.phialospore-bud from vase shaped phialide/sterigma 5.microconidium/macroconidium- one celled/ more celled/ under varying conditions 6.porospore from spore bearing cell |
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Sexual spore formation is important
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to give the advantage of variations to adapt to many environments
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Three sexual spores
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1.zygospores
2.ascospores 3.basidiospores all haploid |
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Zygospores
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+ and - hyphae strains fuse and make a zygote that is germinated when its wall is distrupted
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Ascospores
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spores fuse in ascus
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Basidiospores
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from club shaped basidium
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Fungal classification is done based on
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sexual reproduction
hyphal structure genetic profile |
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4 phyla of kingdom Eumycota
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1.Zygomycota
2.Ascomycota 3.Basidiomycota 4.Deuteromycota |
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Zygomycota
-sexual spores: _____ -asexual spores:______ - most species are _______ -happhae are |
-zygospores
-sporangiospores some conidia - freeliving saprobes - nonseptate |
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Rhizopus, Mucor are examples of
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Zygomycota
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Ascomycota
-sexual spores: _____ -asexual spores:______ -happhae are |
- most ascospores
- many conidia types at conidiophores -porous septa |
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Penicillium (antibiotic), Saccharomyces(for bread and beer), Pneumocystis carinii(AIDS) ,Histoplasma (ohio valley fever), Microsporum (ringworm), Coccidioides immitis, (valley fever) Aspergillus flavos are examples of
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Ascomycota
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Basidiomycota
-sexual spores: _____ -asexual spores:______ - most species are _______ -happhae are |
-basidiospores
- conidia - fruiting bodies - incomplete septate |
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Cryptococcus neoformans (infectious to organs), mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts and smuts (plant pathogen)
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Basidiomycota
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THe primitive fungi are called
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chytrids
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Imperfect fungi mainly yeasts and molds
-no sexual spores; only conidia and septate |
Deuteromycota
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candida albicans and blastomyces are examples of
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Deuteromycota
*they can cause pathogenic problems |
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septae of eumycota
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- usually nonseptate in zygomycota
-porous septa in ascomycota - incomplete septae in baidiomycota |
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Sexual spores are used to identify organimsms -genus and species
(in lab setting) |
NO.
usually asexual spore forming structures sexual spores are rarely found in lab setting |
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colony texture and pigmentation are other factors to identify fungi?
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No
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Kingdom protista consists of
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1, algae
2. protozoa |
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fungi is a part of protista
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NO.
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Protozoa
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-unicellular and colonial mostly
- most of them motile |
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Algae have cell walls
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yes
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Microscopic forms of algae
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unicellular colonial filmentous
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Macroscopic forms of algae
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multicellular colonial some simple organs and tissues
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Algae are mostly photosynthetic
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yes
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examples of algae
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kelps, seaweeds, euglenids, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, red seaweeds
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Plankton is a part of Protozoa
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no, algae
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Red tides and toxids (neurological symptoms) are caued by
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dinoflagellates
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toxic algal form that uses cysts, spores, ameobas
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pfiesteria piscicida
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algae are classifed based o
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pigments, cell wall, organization, ecology
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Algae can be used for ____
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cosmetics, food, medical products
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fungi are sources of ____.
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antibiotics, alcoholr, organic acids, vitamins
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most protozoan cells are ___ular cells
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unicellular
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Protozoan has chloroplasts
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no, but organielles that are eukaryotic
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protozoan has two layers: ___,____
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ectoplasm, endoplasm
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Endoplasm of protozoa cytoplasm involves in feeding and regulates food vacuoles
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no ectoplasm does the feeding, locomotion, But some amoebas are in hard shells of calcium carbonate protection
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protozoa has cell walls
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no.But some amoebas are in hard shells of calcium carbonate
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Protozoa is resistant that they can live in hot springs, ice and really dry habitats.
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Not the dried habitats
THEY NEED MOISTURE |
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How do protozoa get food?
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grazing on living cells of bacteria and algae/ dead debris
into a passageway / gullet directly through cell membrane on fluid of host (parasitic) |
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Protozoa are motile
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Yes except for APICOMPLEXA
: flagella, cilia, pseudopods, gliding lol! |
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Ciliates are among the most diverse cells due to
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its diversity in ciliary arrangements and functions
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Flagella/cilia is prolonged cytoplasmic membrane
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flagella
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protozoa can even overcome the drying condition (but not active)
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if entering into a dormant state CYST from TROPHOZOITE
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TROPHOZOITE is the state of protozoa
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that requires ample food and moisture to be ACTIVE
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All protozoa reproduce
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asexually=mitotic cell division
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All protozoa exprience cysts?
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No.
some only stay as trophozoites |
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Protozoa also experience sexual reproduction
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yes
Conjugation of ciliates: exchanging nuclei |
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Classification of protozoan based on
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shape/size
type, number, distribution of locomotor special oranelles /cysts number of nuclei |
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Cell wall is another factor to classify protozoa
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NO.
They all dont have a cell wall |
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flgellar motility is of which protozoan?
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mastigophora
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Mastigophora reproducs asexually.
They mostly form cysts, free living. Solitary. |
Not the first one.
SEXUAlLY |
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Sarcodina reproduces asexually
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yes
most are free living |
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Cili motility
trophozoites and cysts |
Ciliphora
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Sarcodina have pseudopods/flagella as their major locootor structure
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pseudopods
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Ciliophora unlike other protozoan has _____
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two nuclei
with a definite mouth and feeding organelle (more advanced) |
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all apicomplexa
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are prasitic
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Motility is absent in apicoplexa
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except male gametes
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apicomplexa experience sexual/asexual reproduction
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both
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Apicomplexa produces ______ for sexual reproduction -> infection
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sporozoites
*complex life cycle |
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What causes the sleeping sickness in Africa
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Trypanosoma brucei
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What causes chagas disease
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Trypanosomes are transmitted by ))))
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blood sucking vectors
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The vector of Chagas disease
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reduviid bug (sucking on mammalian blood)
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Transmission of Chagas disease occurs from mammal to mammal
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No.(except across placenta during pregnancy)
bug to mammaL / mammal to bug |
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How does trypanosomes go into blood
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mammals scratching the bite wound
where the bug left the trypanosomes in feces |
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Entamoeba mainly cuases dysentery
-involves _____ not vectors |
cysts
(motly infecting humans who ingest contaminated food/water by feces) |
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Trypanosoma brucei's vector is
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tsetse fly
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Helminths are big and visible
but why microorganisms? |
Microscope is still needed to see their eggs. larvae...
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two kinds of helminths
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1. platyhelminthes (thin, segmented
2. Aschelminthes=Nematoes( round, unsegmented) |
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Platyhelminthes are composed of two kinds of worms
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tapeworms (CESTODES) and flukes (TReMATODES)
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all of the flatworms and roundworms are parasites
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No
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General Morphology of worms
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- multicellular-advanced organs and organ systems
: reproductive tract, digestive/excretory/nervous/ muscular systems |
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Cestodes' ____ is dominant in their bodies
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reproduction
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Most worms have____ for protection and ____ for breaking down the host's tissue
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thick cuticles, mouth grands
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Three main stages of worms
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egg
larva adult |
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adults(helminthes) in a host's body....
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- get nutrients
- reproduce SEXUALL |
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Nematodes have notpearate /separate sexes
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separate
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Trematodes have notpearate /separate sexes
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both or separate
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Cestodes have not separate /separate sexes
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Both
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___ host is/are needed for entire life cycle of worms
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2
(one as intermediate) |
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definitive host
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is the host that experiences parasitic development
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Roundworms have a in/complete digestive tract, a protective surface ___, ____ on mouth, poorly develped excretory and nervous systems
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complete
cuticle spines and hooks |
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Parasites are acquired through ___
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ingestion of larvae or eggs in FOOD
from soil or water by insect vectors |
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__- species parasitize humans
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50
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the eggs of the worms are vulnerable; the alternative is....
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to reproducs A LOT OF EGGS!
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Pinworm that cuases a very common infestation in human large intestine
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Enterobius vermicularis
(through direct contact with infected person or contaminated surfaces) |
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Enterobius vermicularis:
females migrate into ___ to deposit eggs |
anus
(scratching contaminates the FINGERS--> contaminate other materials) *younger people more infected |
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Helminth classification by____
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microscopic detection of adult shape
size, organ development, hooks, suckers, special structures, reproduction, hosts,appearance of eggs and larvae |
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Helminths are distributed ____
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world wides
some are to certain regions with higher incidence in tropics |
