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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathology
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study of disease, considers etiology, pathogenesis, structural/functional changes caused by disease and final effect on body
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Etiology
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cause
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Pathogenesis
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development of disease
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Disease
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body not capable of performing normal functions
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Infection
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invasion/colonization (?) of body by pathogenic microbes
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Pathogen
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microbe whose relationship to host is parasitic and results in infection/disease
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Virulence
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capacity of microbe to invade and harm host cells during disease
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Virulence Factor
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trait of microbe that contributes to its ability to infect and damage host
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Primary Pathogen
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microbe capable of causing disease in otherwise healthy persons with normal IRS
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Opportunistic Pathogen
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microbe that is not pathogenic in individuals with intact IRS but infects when host defenses are compromised
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Incubation Period
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interval between infection and symptom onset
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Prodromal Period
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brief period of mild symptoms
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Period of Illness
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acute disease, IRS activated, death possible
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Period of Decline
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symptoms subside, patient is vulnerable to secondary infections
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Period of Convalescence
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return to pre-disease state, may still be contagious
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Pathogenesis Requirements
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entry, attachment, avoid/overcome host defense, damage, exit
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Major Portals of Entry
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skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, urogenital tract
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Adhesins
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on cell surface of microbe, made of glycoproteins, specific for attaching to your cells
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Direct Contact
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physical contact between source and susceptible host
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Indirect Contact
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pathogen travels from reservoir to susceptible host via fomite
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Droplet Transmission
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contact with droplet nuclei discharged from host and traveling less than 1 meter
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Vehicle Transmission
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movement of pathogen to susceptible host from a medium - water/food, air, body fluids
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Airborne Route
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pathogen spread in droplet nuclei that travel over 1m to new host
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Body Fluids
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modified form of direct contact transmission (no direct contact between people) typically encountered by health care professionals and IV drug users
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Vector Transmission
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animals carry pathogen from one host to another
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Mechanical Transmission
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passive transfer for pathogen to host food
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Biological Transmission
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active, complex transmission process, pathogen lives and replicates in arthropod before entering host via bite/wounds
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Biological Transmission
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active, complex transmission process, pathogen lives and replicates in arthropod before entering host via bite/wounds
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Zoonoses
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special case where other animals are involved in direct transmission
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Horizontal Vectors
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transmission of microbes from reservoir to host via contact, vehicle or vector methods
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Vertical Vector
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maternal-fetal transmission during development and/or during birth
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Nosocomal Infection
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acquired/develops at hospital or other healthcare facility
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Primary Reasons for Nosocomal Infections
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1. compromised patients
2. increased pathogen concentration 3. invasive procedures are easy transmission opportunities |
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Epidemiology
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study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in a defined human population
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Iceberg Effect
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many unreported cases, usually 10-100x lower than actual cases
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Prevalence
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total number of existing cases with respect to entire population, reported as % at given time
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Incidence
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measure of new cases over a specified time period as compared with the number of healthy individuals in the population
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Morbidity
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# ill per 100,000
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Mortality Rate
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total # of deaths in population due to given disease
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Endemic Occurrence
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study geographic distribution of an infections disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over extended period of time
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Sporadic Occurrence
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few, random cases of a given infectious disease throughout country
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Epidemic Occurrence
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notable increase in frequency above what is expected
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Pandemic Occurrence
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spread of epidemic across continents
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ID50
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measure of pathogen virulence, indicating infectious does for 50% of sample population
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Privileged Sites
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don't usually contain Abs or T cells
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Antigenic Variation
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prevent IRS attack by regularly changing primary antigens through mutation, recombo, gene switching
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Immunosuppression
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destruction or inhibition of host IRS
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Siderophores
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pathogen-secreted proteins remove Fe from host Fe-storing proteins, then bind to microbial uptake receptors
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Hyaluronidase
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hydrolysis of host glycocalyx damages connective tissue
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Collagenase
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hydrolysis of collagen weakens connective tissue promoting microbe spread
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Toxins
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poisonous substances made by microbes that alter host physio
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Toxigenicity
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capacity of microbe to produce toxin
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Toxemia
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presence of toxins in blood
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Exotoxins
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Type 3, proteins
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Membrane-disrupting Toxins
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Type 2
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Super Antigens
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Type 1, provoke intense immune response due to non-specific release of cytokines by T cells
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Endotoxins
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come from Lipid A of outer gram negative cell wall
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Immunopathy
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pathogen stimulates other immune responses that cause damage
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Non-specific Resistances
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intact skin, mucous membranes + secretions, normal microbiota, phagocytic WBC, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances
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Specific Resistance
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cell-mediated and humoral immune responses
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Inflammation
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rubor, calor, tumor, dolor
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First Line of Defense
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intact skin, mucous membranes+secretions, normal microbiota
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Second Line of Defense
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phagocytic WBCs, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances
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Fever
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systemic response that slows microbial growth, activates WBCs, caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens
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Antibiosis
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ability of one organism to limit growth of another
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Probiotics
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microbes introduced into host to balance normal flora or stim mucosal immunity
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Prebiotics
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nutrients to encourage growth of beneficial microbes already present such that normal flora keeps pathogens at bay
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Lantibiotics
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short peptides made by bacteria to inhibit growth of other bacteria by lysing PM or inhibiting enz
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AB Sensitivity Testing - AST
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select 4-5 colonies of similar morphology, form suspension, standardize # cells/mL, compare visually or with spec
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MacFarland 0.5 Turbidity
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# microbes/mL based on turbidity, standardizes at 1.5 x 10^8 CFU/mL
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Kirby-Bauer Assay
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MacFarland incoulum streaked, apply disks of known ABs, incubate and ms. zone of inhibition
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E-test
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same prep as Kirby-Bauer, use plastic strip containing AB gradient with scale, get direct ms of MIC
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MIC Breakpoint
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conc of drug achieved in body with optimal therapy
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Broth Dilution Test
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tubes contain series of ABs and equal amts standardized microbial suspension, incubate and compare turbidity
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MRSA
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mec A gene expression reduces binding of PBPs to methicillin/oxacillin
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