Microbiology 2

Front 1

Ocular lens (eye piece)

Back 1

Remagnifies the image made by the objective lens.

Front 2

Objective lenses

Back 2

Primary lenses that magnify the specimen.

Front 3

Body tube

Back 3

transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens.

Front 4

Microbiology

Back 4

The study of living things too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Front 5

Types of Microorganisms

Back 5

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Multicellular animal parasites.

Front 6

Genus (genera plural)

Back 6

First name and is always capitalized. A group of closely related organisms.

Front 7

Specific epithet (species name)

Back 7

is not capitalized. Subcategory of genus.

Front 8

How are Bacteria beneficial?

Back 8

Decomposer, fermentation, digestion, vaccination, antibodies, nitrogen, sulfur and carbon cycle, research.

Front 9

How are bacteria harmful?

Back 9

cause disease, mold

Front 10

How to control light on microscope

Back 10

Condensor, Iris Diaphragm, illuminator

Front 11

Pieces to a Microscope

Back 11

Base, stage, arm, body tube, condenser, iris diaphragm, objective lenses, ocular lens, course adjustment, fine adjustment.

Front 12

Resolution or Resolving power

Back 12

The ability of lenses to reveal fine detail.

Front 13

Numerical Aperture

Back 13

Function of wavelengths

Front 14

Brownian Movement

Back 14

Not true motility, moved by water molecules bumping into it.

Front 15

Aseptic techniques

Back 15

Procedures used to avoid introducing unwanted microbes and to prevent spreading microbes where they are not wanted.

Front 16

Complex media

Back 16

media for which the exact chemical composition varies slightly from batch to batch.

Front 17

Turbid

Back 17

When something becomes cloudy

Front 18

Gram Stain

Back 18

1. Apply primary Stain (crystal violet)
rinse with water
2. Apply mordant (Gram's iodine)
rinse with water
3. Add decolorizing agent (ethanol or ethanol-acetone)
rinse with water
4. apply secondary stain (safranin)
rise with water

Front 19

Gram Positive

Back 19

Lots of peptidoglycan, small amount of lipids, no lipid A, Teichoic acid. Stain purple.

Front 20

Gram Negative

Back 20

Small amount of peptidoglycan, lots of lipids, Lipid A, no teichoic acid. Stain red.

Front 21

What happens when decolorize too much?

Back 21

G+ will look like G-.

Front 22

What happens when not decolorize enough?

Back 22

G- would look purple.

Front 23

What does peptidoglycan do in cells?

Back 23

Gives structure to the cell wall.

Front 24

Plant Kingdom

Back 24

Don't move, energy from sun, produce organic molecules, somewhat flexible.

Front 25

Animal Kingdom

Back 25

MOve, energy from organic molecules, consume organic molecules, somewhat flexible.

Front 26

Organic

Back 26

Have carbon and hydrogen.

Front 27

Prokaryotic

Back 27

Primitive, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, asexual reproduction, single circular chromosome, no histones, if flagella simple.

Front 28

Eukaryotic

Back 28

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, sexual reproduction, pairs of linear chromosomes, histones, if flagella complex.

Front 29

Whittaker

Back 29

Front 30

Capsule/Glycocalyx

Back 30

Made of Polysaccharides and peptides. Can protect cell from dehydration. Cell can store extra nutrients here. Allows to stick to environment.

Front 31

Taxis

Back 31

Ability to move towards or away from stimulus.

Front 32

Phototaxis

Back 32

Ability for bacteria to move towards/away from light.

Front 33

Fimbriae

Back 33

Allow organisms to hold onto environment

Front 34

Pilus

Back 34

Allows to attach to another organism. Can pass DNA through it.

Front 35

Axial filament

Back 35

Allow spiral organisms to be mobile

Front 36

What do bacteria need to survive and what do they turn into without it?

Back 36

Cell wall. Will turn into cocci without it.

Front 37

Plasma membrane

Back 37

Essential for survival of bacteria. Semipermeable. A lot of metabolism happens on it. Many antibiotics target plasma membrane.

Front 38

Cytoplasm

Back 38

80 percent water. Nutrients floating in it. looks like plate of spaghetti but if stretch it out is one big circle.

Front 39

Ribosome

Back 39

Makes protein. For cell structure. Can be used for food.

Front 40

Plasmid

Back 40

Extra chromosomal circle of DNA which codes to make single product. Can code for enzyme to break down lactose. One thing that often passes through pilus.

Front 41

Inclusion

Back 41

Things that are extra such as phosphate, starch and lipids.

Front 42

Endospore

Back 42

Thick walled. Purpose is to resist adverse conditions in the environment. Only in rod shaped cells. When cells are dying produce an endospore.

Front 43

How to grow bacteria

Back 43

a. energy source
b. Carbon source
c. Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phosphate
d. Metallic elements
e. vitamins
f. water

Front 44

Prototroph

Back 44

Use light for energy

Front 45

Chemotroph

Back 45

require organic molecules we eat

Front 46

Woese

Back 46

a. Domain
b.Kingdom
c. Phylum
d. Class
e. Order
f. Family
g. Genus
H. Spices

Front 47

Streptococci

Back 47

chain of cocci

Front 48

Diplococci

Back 48

two cocci together

Front 49

Tetrad

Back 49

four cocci together

Front 50

Staphylococci

Back 50

cluster of cocci together

Front 51

Streptobaccilli

Back 51

Chain of bacilli

Front 52

Maintenance media

Back 52

Has basic ingredients that are needed to keep organisms alive. Doesn't show reaction.

Front 53

Enriched media

Back 53

Has extra nutrients. Used to grow bacteria rapidly or larger.

Front 54

Fastidious organisms

Back 54

need something extra or won't grow

Front 55

Selective media

Back 55

Inhibits some organisms from growing but allows others to grow.

Front 56

Differential media

Back 56

normally have a sugar, protein and ph indicator.

Front 57

Microaerophilic

Back 57

require small amount of oxygen

Front 58

Facultative

Back 58

can live with or without oxygen

Front 59

Psychrophile

Back 59

require cold temperature. 0 Celsius or less

Front 60

Mesophile

Back 60

require medium temperature. 25-40 Celsius

Front 61

Thermophile

Back 61

require warm temperature. 45-60 celsius.

Front 62

Ways to count microorganisms

Back 62

Counting chamber, spectrophotometer, dilutions.

Front 63

Enzymes

Back 63

Organic catalyst that speed up reactions. made out of protein. Can easily be denatured because made out of protein.

Front 64

Substrate

Back 64

Something an enzyme acts upon

Front 65

Holoenzyme

Back 65

Apoenzyme + Coenzyme

Front 66

Constitutive enzyme

Back 66

Always present in cell. Used for what cells need frequently.

Front 67

Adaptive or induced enzyme

Back 67

Made only when substrate they act upon is present.

Front 68

Total magnification

Back 68

magnification of ocular x magnification of objective.

Front 69

Similarities of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Back 69

a. made of same organic molecules (protein, carbs, lipids and nucleic acid)
b same metabolic pathways

Front 70

Anabolism

Back 70

Single part --> complex whole (repair itself)
requires energy.

Front 71

Catabolism

Back 71

Complex parts --> simple parts
releases energy.

Front 72

ATP

Back 72

ADP + PO4 + E

Front 73

Oxidation

Back 73

loss of electrons. can happen by gaining oxygen.

Front 74

Reduction

Back 74

Gain of electrons. Gain hydrogen.

Front 75

Photophosphorylation

Back 75

taking light energy and turning it into ATP energy

Front 76

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Back 76

When a substrate breaks down and in the process you gain ATP (Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle)

Front 77

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 77

substances are broken down (ETC)

Front 78

Phosphorylation

Back 78

Adding PO4 with a high E bond to something.