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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blanching
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a process of putting food in boiling water for a few seconds to destroy enzymes
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pasteurization
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a heating process that destroys pathogenic bacteria in a fluid such as milk and lowers the overall number of bacteria in the fluid
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choke points
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places where animals come together in processing of of fresh meat
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commercial sterilization
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a canning process to eliminate the most resistant bacterial spores
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flash method
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a treatment in which milk is heated at 71.6 degrees C for 15 seconds and then cooled rapidly to eliminate harmful bacteria
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HACCP
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a set of federally enforced regulations to ensure the dietary safety of seafood, meat, and poultry
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holding method
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heating milk in a large bulk tank at 63.8 degrees C for 30 minutes
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lyphilization
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a process in which food or other material is deep frozen, after which its liquid is drawn off by a vacuum; also called freeze drying
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microbial load
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the microbial content of a particular food
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osmosis
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the net movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of lower concentration
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rework
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taking an unacceptable final product and returning it to the beginning of the manufacturing process
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shelf life
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how long a food is good-- dependent on the quantity of microbes present in a product and the conditions at which it is held
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sour curd
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the acidification of milk, causing a change in the structure of milk proteins
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canning
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a method of preserving food in which the food contents are processed and sealed in an airtight container
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infection
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the relationship between two organisms and the competition for supremacy that takes place between them
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parasite
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a type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on live organic matter such as another organism
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disease
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any change from the general state of good health
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pathogenicity
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the ability of a disease-causing agent to gain entry to a host and bring about a physiological or anatomical change interpreted as disease
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opportunistic microbe
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a microorganism that invades the tissues when a body defenses are suppressed
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virulence
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the degree to which a pathogen is capable of causing a disease
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pathogenicity island
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a set of adjacent jenes that encode for virulence factors
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endemic
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reffering to a disease that is constantly present in a specific area or region
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epidemic
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referring to a disease that spreads more quickly and more extensively within a population than normally expected
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pandemic
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a worldwide epidemic
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droplet
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an airborne particle of mucus and sputum from the respiratory tract that contains disease-causing microorganisms
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fomite
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an inanimate object, such as clothing or a untensil, that carries disease organisms
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mechanical vector
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a living organism, or an object, that transmits disease agents on its surfaced
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carrier
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an individual who has recovered from a dsiease but retains the infectious agent in the body and continues to shed them
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portal of entry
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the site at which a pathogen enters the host
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invasiveness
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the ability of a pathogen to spread from one point to adjacent areas in the host and cause structural damage to those tissues
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phagocytosis
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a process by which foreign material or cells are taken into a white blood cell and destroyed
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exotoxin
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a bacterial metabolic poison composed of protein that is released to the environment; in the human body, it can affect various organs ans systems
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endotoxin
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a metabolic poison, produced chiefly by gram-negative bacteria, that are part of the bacterial cell wall and consequently are released on cell disintegration; composed of lipid-polysaccharide-peptide complexes
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antibody
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a highly specific portein produced by the body in response to a foreign substance such as a bacterium or virus, and capable of binding to the substance
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antitoxin
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an antibody produced by the body that circulates in the bloodstream to provide protection against toxins by neutralizing them
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toxoid
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a preparation of a microbial toxin that has been rendered harmless by chemical treatment but that is capable of stiumlatin antibodies; used as vaccines
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lysozyme
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an enzyme found in tears and saliva that digests the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacterial cell walls
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macrophage
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a large cell derived from monocytes that is found within carious tissues and actively engulfs foreign material, including infecting bacteria and viruses
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inflammation
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a nonspecific defensive response to injury; usually characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
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(T cell) T lymphocyte
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a type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus gland and is associated with cell-mediated immunity
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B cell (B lymphocyte)
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a type of white blood cell that matures into memory cells and plasma cells that secrete antibody
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antigen
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a chemical substance that stimulates the production of antibodies by the body's immune system; also called immunogen
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antigenic determinant
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a section of an antigen molecule that stimulates antibody formation and to which the antibody binds; also called epitope
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cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
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the body's ability to resist infection through the activity of T-lymphocyte recognition of antigen peptides presented on macrophages and dendritic cells and on infected cells
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thymus
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a flad, bilobed organ where T lymphocytes mature
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major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein
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any of a set of proteins at the surface of all body cells that identify the uniqueness of the individual
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cytotoxic T cell
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the type of T lymphocyte that searches out and destroys infected cells
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lymphokines
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soluble growth factors and signaling molecules that are produced by cells of the immune system
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peforin
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a protein secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells that forms holes in the plasma membrane of an infected cell
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memory T cell
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a cell derived from T lymphocytes that reacts rapidly upon reexposure to an antigen
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plasma cell
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an antibody-producing cell derived from B lymphocytes
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memory B cell
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a cell derived from B lymphocytes that reacts rapidly upon reexposure to an antigen
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innate immunity
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an inborn response to a specific immune stimulus that involves immune defensive cells and frequently leads to the establishment of host immunity
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active immunity
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the immune system responds to antigen by producing antibodies and specific lymphocytes
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passive immunity
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the temporary immunity that comes from receiving antibodies from another source
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anaphylatic shock
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a life-threatening allergic reaction resulting from the release of mediators that cause contractions of smooth muscle throughout the body and a drop in blood pressure
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immune complex hypersensitivity
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type III hypersensitivity, in which antigens combine with antibodies to from aggregates that are deposited in blood vessels or on tissue surfaces
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