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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms and their effects on living things
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microbiology
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rapidly growing cell
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germ
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legume plants convert atmospheric nitrogen in soil to nitrate for plant nutrients
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nitrogen fixation
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the ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defense of the host
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pathogenicity
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_____ _____ established the system of scientific nomenclature.
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Carolus Linnaeus
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each organism has two names:
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genus and specific epithet (specie name)
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a simple cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope
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prokaryote
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"true bacteria" including most bacteria familiar to microbiologists
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eubacteria
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bacteria that often grow under extreme conditions
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archaebacteria
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complex cells and have genetic material enclosed in nuclear envelope and bounded internal structures
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eukaryotes
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three domains:
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-bacteria
-archaea -eukarya -protists -plants -fungi -animals |
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bacteria
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-prokaryotes
-peptidoglycan wall -binary fission -for energy, use in/organic chemicals/photosynthesis |
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archaea
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-prokaryotic
-lack peptidoglycan -live in extreme conditions |
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intolderant to oxygen; strict anaerobe
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methanogens
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extreme saline or acid solution
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extreme halophiles
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hot springs
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extreme thermophiles
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fungi
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-eukaryotic
-chitin cell walls -energy=inorganic chemicals -molds/mushrooms are multicellular -yeasts are unicellular |
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protozoa
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-eukaryotes
-absorb/ingest organic chemicals -may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella |
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algae
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-eukaryotic
-cellulose cell walls -energy=photosynthesis -produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
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viruses
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-acellular= sub-microscopic parasite
-DNA/RNA core -core is surrounded by protein coat -replicated only when living in host cell |
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multicellular animal parasites
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-eukaryotic
-parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths |
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fist observation of microbiology
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-cell theory
-debate over spontaneous generation -theory of biogenesis |
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golden age of microbiology
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-fermentation/pastuerzation
-germ cell theory -vaccination -first synthetic drug |
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spontaneous generation
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living organisms arise from nonliving matter
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biogenesis
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living organisms arise from preexsisting life
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fermentation
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the conversion of sugar to alcohol
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pastuerization
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the application of high heat for a short time to kill bacteria
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antibiotics
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chemicals produced by bacterica and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
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microbiota
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microbes normally present in or on the human body
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West Nile encephalitis
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-west nile virus
-first diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda -appeared in NYC in 1999 |
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
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-infectious agent consisting of self-replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acid
-also causes CJD |
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Escherichia coli O57:H7
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-toxin producing strain of E. coli
-1982 -leading cause of diarrhea worldwide |
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Invasive group A Streptococcus
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-rapidly growing bacteria that causes extensive tissue damage
-1995 |
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Ebola hemorrhagic fever
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-ebola virus
-causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting -Ebola River, Congo |
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Avian influenza A
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-influenza A virus
-waterfoul/poultry -human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet |
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
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-assoc. Coronavirus
-2002-2003 -person-to-person H1N1 |
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AIDS
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-HIV
-1981 -44 million -sexually transmitted disease -USA= 30% female; 72% black |
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Cryptosporidiosis
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-cryptosporidium protozoa
-1976 Minnesota -30% diarhheal illness in developing countries -US-transmitted via water |