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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms and their effects on living things
microbiology
rapidly growing cell
germ
legume plants convert atmospheric nitrogen in soil to nitrate for plant nutrients
nitrogen fixation
the ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defense of the host
pathogenicity
_____ _____ established the system of scientific nomenclature.
Carolus Linnaeus
each organism has two names:
genus and specific epithet (specie name)
a simple cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope
prokaryote
"true bacteria" including most bacteria familiar to microbiologists
eubacteria
bacteria that often grow under extreme conditions
archaebacteria
complex cells and have genetic material enclosed in nuclear envelope and bounded internal structures
eukaryotes
three domains:
-bacteria
-archaea
-eukarya
-protists -plants
-fungi -animals
bacteria
-prokaryotes
-peptidoglycan wall
-binary fission
-for energy, use in/organic chemicals/photosynthesis
archaea
-prokaryotic
-lack peptidoglycan
-live in extreme conditions
intolderant to oxygen; strict anaerobe
methanogens
extreme saline or acid solution
extreme halophiles
hot springs
extreme thermophiles
fungi
-eukaryotic
-chitin cell walls
-energy=inorganic chemicals
-molds/mushrooms are multicellular
-yeasts are unicellular
protozoa
-eukaryotes
-absorb/ingest organic chemicals
-may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
algae
-eukaryotic
-cellulose cell walls
-energy=photosynthesis
-produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
viruses
-acellular= sub-microscopic parasite
-DNA/RNA core
-core is surrounded by protein coat
-replicated only when living in host cell
multicellular animal parasites
-eukaryotic
-parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths
fist observation of microbiology
-cell theory
-debate over spontaneous generation
-theory of biogenesis
golden age of microbiology
-fermentation/pastuerzation
-germ cell theory
-vaccination
-first synthetic drug
spontaneous generation
living organisms arise from nonliving matter
biogenesis
living organisms arise from preexsisting life
fermentation
the conversion of sugar to alcohol
pastuerization
the application of high heat for a short time to kill bacteria
antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacterica and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
microbiota
microbes normally present in or on the human body
West Nile encephalitis
-west nile virus
-first diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda
-appeared in NYC in 1999
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
-infectious agent consisting of self-replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acid
-also causes CJD
Escherichia coli O57:H7
-toxin producing strain of E. coli
-1982
-leading cause of diarrhea worldwide
Invasive group A Streptococcus
-rapidly growing bacteria that causes extensive tissue damage
-1995
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
-ebola virus
-causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
-Ebola River, Congo
Avian influenza A
-influenza A virus
-waterfoul/poultry
-human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
-assoc. Coronavirus
-2002-2003
-person-to-person
H1N1
AIDS
-HIV
-1981
-44 million
-sexually transmitted disease
-USA= 30% female; 72% black
Cryptosporidiosis
-cryptosporidium protozoa
-1976 Minnesota
-30% diarhheal illness in developing countries
-US-transmitted via water