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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the principle of the immune system?
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That it recognizes self from nonself.
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Ability to have a successful immune is based on what?
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On the principle of ligand/receptor binding
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What is immunity induced by?
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A foreign, nonself substance like a microbe.
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What are antigens?
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Microbes that induce an immune response
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When does the immune system produce antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
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When there are microbes that are trying to induce an immune response which are also called antigens
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What is the principle of receptor binding?
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When antibodies or specialized lymphocytes bind to the receptor on the antigen
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What is acquired immunity and what are the two ways?
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Immunity that is acquired and it is either active or passive.
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Both active and passive immunity can be obtained by natural or artificial means (T F)
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True
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What does it mean when you have naturally acquired active immunity
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During a natural infection the immune system is exposed to the antigens of a pathogen which induces an immune response. Once the individual is recovered(usually) they have lifetime immunity to that pathogen (measles and chickenpox)
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What does it mean when you have naturally acquired passive immunity
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When it is obtained from mother by a natural transfer via breast milk or trasncplacental transfer in-utero but usually only lasts 6 weeks
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What does the mothers milk in mammals contain?
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Large concentration of antibodies and other antiviral and antibacterial substances that protect the newborn.
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How does naturally acquired passive immunity work during pregnancy
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Mothers antibodies cross the placental barrier and the infant is only resistant to whatever the mother is resistant to and only as long as transmitted antibodies are present.
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How is artificially acquired active immunity obtained?
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Via Vaccination with an immunogen/antigen that confers/induces immunity and the immunogen used does NOT cause disease
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How is artificially acquired passive immunity obtained?
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When individuals are injected with antibodies from immune individuals. The antibodies against a number of pathogens reside within the serum part of the blood (ANTISERUM)
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Antiserum
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The part of the blood that contains the antibodies
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What are Gamma Globulins
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A fraction of antiserum, is highly enriched in antibodies
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When do you inject individuals with gamma globulins?
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When they have been exposed to certain pathogens and it confers immediate protection but is short lived.
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Why were gamma globulins given to individuals in 1997?
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Because they were exposed to the hepatitis A virus via contaminated strawberries
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What is passive?
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Immunity is short lived and the antibodies eventually degrade or maybe removed from the body as foreign protein.
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Does the person receiving the passive does produce antibodies?
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No
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What is the half life of antibodies from passive?
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3 weeks
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What is active?
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Immunity is long lived
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When you recover from a natural infection do you have active immunity?
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Yes, it is long lived.
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Are vaccinations long lived
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yes but some are a few years so there needs to be a booster.
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What are the two parts of the dual system of the specific immune system?
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Soluble antibodies and Specialized lymphocytes which are contained in the blood and the lymphatic system.
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What is antibody mediated immunity
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Humoral immunity
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What is specialized lymphocytes?
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Cell mediated immunity
T-cells are cell mediated immunity. |
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How does our defense system work?
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It recognizes foreign material and elicits an immune response and the process is initiated by nonspecific phagocytic cells of the nonspecific defense system which digest pathogens and the debris are processed for use by the specific immune system
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What plays a key role in immune response
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The interaction between antigens and antibodies
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What is another name for antigen
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immunogen
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What is an antigen
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its a foreign material that elicits the formation of a specific immune response and most of them are proteins or large polysaccharides.
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What are some things antigens can be components of right on the invading microbe?
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Cell wall, flagella, fimbriae, toxins, capsules, and virual capsids, and envelopes.
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What are epitopes
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The specific receptors that the antibodies and other immune components interact with. and they are antigenic
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Do epitopes elicit a specific immune response?
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YES
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What is antigenic?
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That it can elicit a specific immune response.
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How do bacteria evade the immune system
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By changing the epitopes on a given antigen...fimbraie?
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What are antibodies?
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proteins that are made in response to antigens and specifically are called immunoglobulins
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Are antibodies highly specific recognizing one epitope on a given antigen?
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yes
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What does the humoral immune response defend against?
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Bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that are free in the bodies liquids.
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What are the two ways to produce antibodies?
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Via direct interaction between B cells and antigens which are t-cell independent pathway.
or via interaction of an antigen presenting cells (APC) Th cells which are T cell dependent pathways |
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What do B cell lymphocytes do?
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They produce antibodies?
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How are B cells developed?
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From step cells in the bone marrow Then they migrate to the lymphoid organs and they contain antigen receptors on their surface
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How are B cells activated
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When they interact with one specific antigenic epitope.
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What happens once the B cell is activated
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It proliferates into a large clone of cells which is the clonal selection.
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What are Antigen Presenting Cells(APCs)
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they are activated macrophages and sometimes dendritic cells
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What do APCs do and what are on their surface
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they ingest and breakdown the pathogen...and on the surface are the epitopes of the antigen.
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What are epitopes complexed with?
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A self molecule which is a major histocompatibility complex MHC
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If Epitope and MHC1 then what kind of response?
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Cell mediated immune response
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If Epitope and MHC2 then what kind of response?
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Antibody respoonse humoral immune response
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