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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 12 |
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mitosis |
maintains ploidy of parent
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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meiosis |
sexual reproduction, diploid (2n) produced haploid (1n) daughter nuclei
Prophase I/II, metaphase I/II, anaphase I/II, telophase I/II |
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coenocytes |
multinucleated cells produced during cytokinesis (simultaneously with telophase)
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schizogony |
multiple mitoses -> schizont -> cytokinesis -> merozoites
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protozoa |
eukaryotic, unicellular, lack cell wall, motile by cilia, flagella, and/or pseudopods (Except apicomplexans)
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Life cycle/stages of Protozoa |
motile feeding stage called a trophozoite
resting stage called a cyst that allows for transmission from host to host |
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parabasala |
lack mitochondria
single nucleus golgi-body like structure called parabasal body Trichonympha, Trichomonas |
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diplomonadida |
lack mitochondria
lack golgi bodies and peroxisomes two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella Giardia |
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Euglenozoa |
flagella contain crystaline rod
mirochondria have disk shaped cristae -Euglenids -Kinetoplastids |
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Euglenids |
photoautotrophic
unicellular microbes with chloroplasts |
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Kinetoplastids |
region of mitochondrial DNA called kinetoplast Trypanosoma, Leishmania |
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Alveolates |
membrane bound cavaties called alveoli 3 subgroups -Ciliates -Apicomplexans -Dinoflagellates |
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Ciliates |
cilia to move chemoheterotrophs two nuclei |
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Apicomplexans |
chemoheterotrophs complex of organelles allow them to penetrate Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma |
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Dinoflagellates |
unicellular microbes with photosynthetic pigments, two flagella, bioluminescent, some produce neurotoxins |
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Rhizaria |
move and feed with pseudopods threadlike pseudopods Foraminiferea, Radiolaria |
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Amoebozoa |
lobe shaped pseudopods and no shells Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, Entamoeba Slime molds: plasmodial (unicellular), cellular |
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Fungi |
chemoheterotrophic, cell walls = chitin, no photosynthesis |
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Fungi (structures) |
thallus; vegetative body molds; hyphae (structure) yeasts; small, globular |
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How are asexual spores classified? |
mode of development |
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sexual spore formation |
fungal mating types "+ and -" dikaryon, nuclei fuse, meiosis, mitoses and cell division, tips fuse |
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Fungal Classification |
Divison zygomycota Divison ascomycota Divison basidiomycota Deuteromycetes |
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Divison Zygomycota |
asexually via sporangiospores sexually via zgosporangia saprobes/obligate oarasites of insects/fungi Microsporidia |
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Divison Ascomycota |
form ascospores in sacs called asci within ascocarps during sexual reproduction Penicillium, Saccharomyces |
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Divison Basidiomycota |
mushrooms and other fruiting bodies called basidiocarps produce toxins or hallucinatory chemicals |
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Deuteromycetes |
heterogeneous collection of fungi with unknown sexual stages most belong to the division ascomycota based on rRNA analysis |
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mechanical vectors |
carry parasite |
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biological vectors |
life cycle of parasite takes place in host |
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Chapter 22 |
~Fungal Infections~ |
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Medium used to culture fungi |
Sabouraud dextrose agar |
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Gold Standard & Target of Antifungal Drugs |
Amphotericin B ergosterol |
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Systemic Mycoses/True Fungal Pathogens (4) |
Blastomyces Coccidioides Histoplasma Paracoccidioides -dimorphc ascomycetes (grow as mycelial thalli in the environment and yeasts in the body) |
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Blastomyces |
Blastomyces dermatitidis septate hyphae, unbranched canidiophores |
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Coccidioides |
coccidioides immitis
-hyphae dry up, inhaled arthroconidia germinate into spherules in the lung that release large number of spores -often results in pulmonary conditions (progressive pulmonary coccidiodomycosis) -presence of spherules is diagnostic treated with amphotericin B |
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Histoplasma |
Histoplasma capsulatum high nitrogen levels (bird/bat droppings) phagocytized by macrophages (intracellular parasite) -Amphotericin B/ketoconazole |
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Histoplasma 4 Diseases |
Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis chronic cutaneous histoplasmosis systemic histoplasmosis ocular histoplasmosis |
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Paracoccidioides |
paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
starts as pulmonary condition produces chronic inflammatory disease of mucous membrane steering wheel formation, amphotericin B |
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Opportunistic Fungi |
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Pneumocystis Pneumonia |
pneumocystus jiroveci inhalation of respiratory droplets trimethoprim and sulfanilamide |
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Candidiasis |
candida albicans is most common transmitted between individuals cause wide range of diseases (treatments) presence of clusters of budding yeasts and pseudohyphae (not true hyphae) |
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Aspergillosis |
genus aspergillus inhalation of fungal spores can cause hypersensitivity, noninvasive, or acute invasive pulmonary apsergillosis presence of septal hyphae/antigens in blood |
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Cryptococcosis |
cryptococcus neoformans two species inhalation of dry spores or yeast ability to resist phagocytosis, predilection for the central nervous system Can cause primary pulmonary, cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcoma, cutaneous cryptococcosis |
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Two Species of Cryptococcus |
cryptococcus gattii: immunocompetant cryptococcus neoformans: immunocompromised |
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Zygomycoses |
genera of Zygomycota mucor, rhizopus, absidia can cause rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous zygomycosis |
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Three emerging fungal opportunistic pathogens in AIDS patients |
fusarium: respiratory distress, disseminated infections, fungemia, toxin accumulation penicillium marneffei: pulmonary disease trichosporon beigelii: fatal systemic disease in AIDS patients |
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Superficial Mycoses |
outer dead layers of skin/nails/hair (keratin) |
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Dermatophytoses |
Dermatophytes (previous tinea/ringworm) use keratin as nutrient source may trigger cell mediated immune response spread person to person Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum identification of hyphae or arthroconidia topical (limited)/oral (widespread) antifungals |
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Malassezia |
malassezia furfur feeds on skins oils, normal microbiota causes pityriasis (de/hyperpigmented patches) budding yeast and short hyphal forms in sample topical antifunal - ketoconazole |
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Cutaneous and Subcutaneous |
soil, saprobes traumatic intro of fungi beneath outer layer of skin, lesions remain localized |
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chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis |
similar cutaneous/subcutaneous mycoses caused by dark pigmented ascomycetes difficult to treat |
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chromoblastomycosis |
lesions on skin surface, sclerotic bodies |
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phaeohyphomycosis |
colonization of the nasal passages and sinuses, pigmented hyphae |
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Mycetomas |
tumorlike, mycelial fungi in the division Ascomycota (Madurella, pseudallescheria, exophiala, acremonium) nodules form at site of infection, bone destruction |
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Sporotrichosis |
sporothrix schenckii, subcutaneous limited to arms and legs can spread through lymphatic vessels true thermal dimorph |
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Fungal Intoxications and Allergies |
mycotoxins or cause allergies; toxicosis -mycotoxicosis: eat toxin -mycetismus: eat fungus |
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Mycotoxicoses |
alfatoxins are best known some used to make drugs (alkaloids produced by Claviceps Purpurea; ergometrine and ergotamine) |
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Mycetismus |
mushroom poisoning deadliest; death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides, damage cell structure and inhibit mRNA synthesis) |
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allergies to fungi |
type I hypersensitivity type III hypersensitivity |
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Chapter 23 |
ParasiticProtozoa,Helminths, andArthropodVectors |
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parasitic protozoa |
unicellular eukaryotes enter via ingetsion (2 forms trophozoite/cyst) Classified by their mode of locomotion (ciliates, amoebae, flagellate, apicomplexans) |
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Excystment |
when ingested devloping into trophozoite |
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Encystment |
before leaving the host in feces |
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Ciliates |
use cilia in their trophozoite stage Balantidium Coli (only ciliate known to cause disease in humans) Humans infected by contaminated food/water(with feces containing cysts) Trophozoites attach to mucosal epithelium lining the intestine |
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Balantidium coli |
occurs in those with poor health; persistant diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss. Severe infection; dysentery, ulceration, of the intestinal mucosa presence of trophozoites in stool |
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Amoebae |
protozoa with no truly defined shape, pseudopods, water sources Entamoeba, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria |
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Entamoeba |
carried asymptomatically in humans, no animal reservoirs, human only disease excystment occurs in small intestine (trophozoites) Luminal amerbiasis, invasive amebic dysentery, invasive extraintestinal amebiasis |
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Acanthamoeba and Naegleria |
rare/fatal brain infections identificaiton of trophozoites |
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Acanthamoeba |
enters cuts, scrapes, conjuctiva, inhalation Keratitis occurs in eye amebic encephalitits is common disease |
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Naegleria |
when swimmers ingale contaminated water, invade nasal mucosa can result in amebic meningoencephalitis |
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Flagellates |
Kinetoplastids; trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosoma brucei, leishmania Diplomonad; giardia Trichomonas; parabasalid |
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Trypanosoma cruzi |
chagas disease transmission through bite of insects (vector borne) in genus Triatoma Kissing bugs feed from lips and simultaneously defecate and release trypomastigotes (infective) -> amastigotes (replicative) -> trypomastigotes -> epimastigotes (vector) identification of trypomastigotes or antigens/ xenodiagnosis |
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Chagas Disease stages |
acute stage; chagomas generalized stage Asympyomatic chronic stage Symptomatic stage; congestive heart failure following formation of pseudocysts |
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Trypanosoma bruceli |
African sleeping sickness, tsetse fly Trypomastigote (infective/replicative) -> epimastigotes (vector) T. brucei gambiense; west africa T brucei rhodesiense; east/south africa - differs from cruzi because it matures in salivary gland, directly inject, live outside hosts cells (no intracelluar form) -constantly changes surface glycoproteins |
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African Sleeping Sickness Stages |
-site of the fly bite becomes lesion/ dead tissue -parasites in blood trigger fever, lymph node swelling, and headaches -meningoencephalitis -100% fatal if left untreated |
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Leishmania |
leishmaniasis, transmitted by sand fly (vector borne) Zoonosis two stages; amastigotes, promastigotes three forms; cutaneous, mucocoutaneous, visceral leishmaniasis identification of amistigotes, immunoassays |
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Leishmania stages |
Amastigote; no flagella, intracellular, multiply in hosts macrophages and monocytes Promastigotes; develop extracellularly within a vectors gut |
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Giardia Intestinalis |
causes giardiasis, GI disease ingest cysts in contaminated water or swim life cycle similar to entamoeba, trophozoites multiply in the small intestines identificaiton of trophozoites in stool (face/4 flagella) |
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Trichomonas |
trichomonas vaginalis (parabasalid; one nucleus, nucleus; parabasal body) transmitted via sex; women = vaginosis, men = asymptomatic presense of trophozoites in vaginal/urethral secretions is diagnostic |
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Apicomplexans |
alveolate protozoa, complex of organelles at apical end, intracellular parasite, schizogony Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Cyclopora |
