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173 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Microbiology: its major groups
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, helminths
Microbiological endeaveors
Immunology, public health& epidemiology, food/dairy/aquatic microbiology, biotechnology, genetic engineering/ recombinant DNA tech, astromicrobiology/martian microbes
Viruses
- simper than cells
- contains a small amount of hereditary material wrapped up in a protein covering
Microbial Dimensions-
Visible
louse,reproductive structure of bread mold
Microbial Dimensions-
light microscope
colonial alga
red blood cell, white blood cell, amoeba
most bacteria
Rickettsia bacteria, Ro-shaped bacteria, Coccus-shaped bacteria
Microbial Dimensions-
electron microscope
mycoplasma bacteria, pxvirus
AIDS
poliovirus, Hepatitis B virus
Flagellum, large protein, DNA dimater
Microbial Dimensions-
special microscopes
amino acid
Hydrogene atom
Leeuwenhoek
constructed more than 250 small microscopes (300X)
Hypothesis will be invalid if experiments dont support it?
not necessarily; it just means the hyothesis needs to be reevaluated with further tests
Experiments support a hypothesis. This then becomes a theory?
not right away; more experiments shall be tested by others as well.
A theory is the result of a single experiment repeated over ad over again
No. It is not jut one single experiment but "an entire body of ideas that expresses or exlains many aspects of a phenomenon"
Law, the next level of confidency to theory, is always true
No, with the advance of technology, the past laws can be found as false.
Discovery of microbes everywhere
People developed medicies for them
John Tyndall
found that some microbes are very resistant to heat
Ferdinand Cohn
bacterial endospores: heat resistant
Robert Koch
-microscopic organisms--> specific diseases
-supported germ theory with Koch' postulates (whether an org is pathogenic and which disease it cuases)
-found bacteria for anthrax
-provided basic premise for pathogen-disease link
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
babies born at home experienced fewer infections than those at hospitals
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Babies get infected from physicians who came ffrom autopsy room
Joseph Lister
introduced aseptic techniques to prevent infections: washing hands, sterilization
Louis Pasteur
- pasteurization
- infection proved to cause diseases
----> gave foundation for the germ theory of disease
Classification
organizing organisms that indicate evolutionary relationships and history
Nomenclature
"process"of assigning names to various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species
Identification
process of determining and recording the traits of organisms to enable their placement in an overall taxonomic scheme
Three domains (Woese-Fox system)
prokarya, eukarya, archea
Scientific name
binomial system of nomenclature
Evolution is supported by study of
morphology
physiology
genetics
Evolution's two preconceptions
all new species are from preexisting species
closely related org evolved from comon ancestral forms
All species that are present have evolved together to be called the "advanced" in comparison to the "primitive"
No. They did not evolve at the same time; some arose earlier than others
5 Kingdoms
plants
animals
protists
bacteria (monera)
fungi
Virus is in the kingdom of Monera
NO virus is not included in any becuase it is not a cell.
cells have..
a figure,cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, DNA
Organelles of Eukaryotic cells
do specific activities for metabolism, nutrition, synthesis...
living beings..
1.reproduction
2. growth
3. metabolism, cell synthesis, release energy
4. move/ irritability
5. cell support
6. transport things into/ out of the cell
eukaryotic cells mostly engage in ___ for cell division when prokaryotic cells do by ____
mitosis, bnary fission
prokaryotes have ribosomes
that are smaller than those of eukaryotes. Scattered throughout the cytoplasm
photosynthesis occurs
in chloroplasts (eukaryotic)
in specialized areas of cell membrane (prokaryotic)
Engergy is generated
in mitochondria (eukaryotic)
by cell membrane (prokaryotic)
All cells experience true mobility?
No
Movement of cells
- locomotor organelles of eukaryotic cells
cilia, flagella, pseudopods
Movement of cells
of prokaryotes
unique flagella of special fibrils for gliding (no cilia or pseudopods)
All cells experience irritability
Yes
-> diversity, adaptation
Transport of materials is similar in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Yes: tow directional transport
Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic does specialized job-sorting and packaging
Bacteria is a category of prokaryotes with ___ in their cell walls
peptidoglycan
Appendages of bacteria :____. _____
flagella and axial filamens(motility): fimbriae and pili (ttachment or channels)
Flagella has three components...
1. filament (with flagellin protein)
2. Hook (surrounds filament)
3. Basal body (anchored to cell membrane through cell wall)
flagellated bacteria
all spirilla
half of bacilli
some of cocci
flagellaged in two patterns
1)
2)
1)polar arrangement - one or two ends of the cell ; monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous

2) peritrichous - dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
__pathogens cause majority of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths
8
1/ ___ of americans get sick each year
1/6

*3000 die from foodborne diseases
Top five pathogens causing domestically acquired foodborne illnesses
Norovirus
Salmonella, nontyphoida
clastridium perfringens
Campylobacter spp
Staphylococcus aureus
Top five pathogens causing domestically acquired foodborne illnesses "resulting in hospitalization"
Salmonella, nontyphoical
Norovirus
Campylobacer spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
E. Coli
Top five pathogens causing domestically acquired foodborne illnesses "resulting in death"
salmonella
toxoplasma gondii
Listeria monocytogenes
Norovirus
Campylobacter spp
Harms of Microbes overtime
-People getting more susceptible as aging
- Population as become more mobile
- Emerging new diseases
- Resistance to drugs
- Association roles of microbes in genetics/ lifestyle diseases
West Nile Fever
- found in Africa, Asia, Middle East
- 1% of US=> West Nile encephaitis
Arbovirus
- isolated in 200 bird species, dogs, cats, rodents, horses, alligators
- test sentinels routinely for evdence of infection
Benefits of studying medical microbiology
1. emerging diseases control
2. Population mobility
3. Advances in medicine
6 Types of Microorganisms:
bacteria
viruses
Fungi
Protozoa (protists)
Algae (protists)
Helminths (worms)
Eucaryotic cells are of:
animals, plants, fungi and protists
Procaryotic cells are of
bacteria and archaea
monotrichous &lophotrichous; amphitrichous & peritrichous
These are two patterns of flagella arrangement
NO. peritrichous is on its own. other three are of a polar arrangement.
To see arrangement of flagella...
- special stain
- electron microscope
- stab a tiny mass
Positive chemotaxis: moving towards the favorable chemical stimulus, a repellent
No.
It shows a negative chemotaxis from a repellent.
What sets the signals to the flagellum to move?
Receptors bound to specific molecules in the cell membrane
Flagella ___ when rotating counterclockwise; ___ when rotating clockwise
run, tumbles
Bacteria makes sure to run straightly towards the stimulus
No. Runs are interrupted by several tumbles to change the direction.
The runs will increase as nearing the stimulus.
Periplasmic Flagella is located in ____
the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan
Periplasmic flagella can be found in ___ bacteria
spirochetes
-> unusual "wriggly mode of locomotion caused by two or more long coiled threads:"
How does periplasmic flagella move?
It contracts and imparts-> twisting or flexing motion
Fimbriae are _____ from the surface of many bacterial cells.
small bristlelike fibers
->function: adhesion
-> leading to biofilms and other aggregaes of cells on liquids or inanimate solids
The composition of fimbriae varies.
Yes. But most of them have protein.
Pilus is an elongate rigid tubular structure made of a special protein ____
Pilin
All bacteria have pilus for conjugation
NO. only those gram negative cells.
Those prodution of pili is controlled
genetically
Gram positive cells do conjugation
through aggregation proteins rather than pili
Glycocalys is the coating of macromolecules to ...
1. protect cells from dehydration/ nutrient loss
2. inhibit killing by WBC by phagocytosis
3. attachment
Glycocalyx is located in ___,
made of ____ and ___
external to the cell wall
sugars
proteins
Bacteria differ glycocalyces in
thickness, organization, chemical composition
Two types of glycocalyx
1. slime layer
2. capsule: more tightly attached, thicker gummy sticky mucoid character
Capsules are formed by many ___ic acteria
pathogenic;
it protects them against WBC
Some bacteria has highly adherent glycocalyx
to colonize on plastic catheters, metal pacemakers. ...
Outside of the cytoplasm is called ____ where has a chemically complex external covering
cell envelope
Cell envelope is composed of two layers:
cell wall and cell membrane
Physical difference of gram + and - bacteria
+: two layers= hick cell wall mostly of peptidoglycan and cell membrane
-: three layers= outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan, cell membrane
Gram positive bacteria has thick cell membrane unlike gram netative bacteria
No. It has thick cell WALL (which absorbs the stain) , thin cell membrane.
Structure of cell walls does..
1. determine cell shape
2. prevents lysis or collapsing from osmotic pressure
Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of _________.
long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments (negatively charged.)
Gram positive cell wall contains...
acidic polysaccharides, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, teichoic acid (directly attached to peptidoglycan)
Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid are both attached to the plasma membrane.
Their functions are ___.
-No teichoic acid is embedded in "peptidoglycan sheath" while lipoteichoic acid is attached to the "lipids in plasma membrane"
- cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division
Gram positive cell membrane has big periplasmic space
No. Its really tight mostly.
How does gram positive cell wall stimulae a specific immunes response?
it moves cations across the cell envelope
Teichoic cids of S. aureus atract
host secretory gllA phospholipase A2up to 1000X during cute inflmmation
gram negative cell wall is similar to those of cell membrane
Yes. And it contains lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.
Gram negative cell wall also has lipoteichoic acid.
No.
Gram negative cell
-outer most:____ with ___ embedded
polysaccaharidesstrands, lipids
The lipid portion of gram negative
become toxic when released during infection ENDOTOXIN
- polysaccharides function as receptors to block immune response
____ of gram negative cell wall hin the upper layer of the OM have some regulatory control over molecules entering and leaving the cell.
Porins
Bottom layer of the outer membrane has
similar structure to the cell membrane: phospholipids and lipoprotein.
Becuase of the rigid structure and thick cell wall layers of gram negative cell wall, lysis rarely occurs.
No. It is three layers yet each layer is thin so has a relatively greater flexibility ad sensitivity.
Periplasmic space is the place
where substances enter and exit the cell
Because of the thick peptidoglycan layer in gram positive, it is harder to kill gram positive cells.
NO. It is harder to kill gram negative cells with more layers; more impervious
(its integrity can be interupted by dissolving the lipids on the OM)
Some bacterial groups have atypcal cell walls
Mycobacterium and nocardia
Mycobacterium and Nocardia have ____ faty acid or cord factor.
They have thick, waxy natrue to cell wall which is responsible for ____ which is the basis for the _____ to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy
mycolic acid
: it leads to their pathogenicity

high resistance to certain chemicals and dyes

Acid fast stain
Mycobacterium does not have cell wall
NO. MYCOPLASMA does not have cell wall.--> cell membrane functions both support and transport.
Mycobacterium has atyipical cell wall.
Myplasma has ______ in cell membrane to control the permeability of cell substances. Its shape is a type of ____.
sterols, pleomorphism.
L forms (wall deficent froms) can be made artificially.
yes by penicilin or lysozyme.
Gram negative cell if losing its cell wall becomes _____; gram positive becomes _____
spheroplast, protoplast
How are the membranes dynamic?
The lipid phase of the cell membrane is in motion where proteins can move freely
-> allows intaking food and excreting wastes or etc.
What is the importance of having the lipid phase of the cell membrane?
It provides some protective barrier for better integrity of the cell's inner substances.
-controls cell permeability
- regulate transport of molecules
Sterols:mycoplasmas= ____; archaea
unique branched hydrocarbons unlike fatty acids of the sterols
Mesosomes are found in gram positive bacteria not in gram negative bacteria.
Their functions:____
No. Just prominent in the positive.
increase internal surface area for better cell membrane activities, cell wall synthesis, guide duplicated bacterial choromosomes during cell division.
Cell Membrane of bacteria does ////
-regulate transport, secretion
-energy reactions, nutrition processsing and synthesis of ATP...(it does not have metochondria)
Bacterical choromosome
single circular strand of DNA(some have multiple or linear chromosomes)
DNA and plasmid are important to carry information needed for bacterial maintenance and growth.
NO. plasmids are nonessentail parts of DNA that may or not be in the chromosome.
-may be passed on to offspring. (like reistance)
Cytoplasm is composed of
amino acides, sugar, salt, water
Prokaryotic ribosome has ribosomal density of
70S
Eukaryotc-80S
Bacterical DNA in choromosome is tightly coiled around ___
a protein => in a dense area called nuceoid
Plasmids
-may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes and toxins
- used in genetic engineering; readily manipulated and transferred from cell to cell
Difference between inclusion and granules
they are both storage bodies
-Inclusions: food storage (organic substances;glycogen, poly b-hydroxybityrate), bounded by a single membrane
-granules: not membraned, has inorganic compounds *metachromatic granules are building blocks for necleic acid and ATP synthesis
Sporulation is not a menas of reproduction of endospores
yes
Germination of endospores?
returning to vegetative growth
endospores by some Gram positive gnera
clostridium, bacililus and Sporosarcina
Bacterial actin
help stabilizing shape
similar to actin filaments in eukaryotes
Sporangium forms in this condition:
depletion of nutriends especially amino acids
Heat resistance is possible in endospores because of
high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid dehydrate the cells and prevent damages from the heat
Germination of endospores occurs when
water is present
with the agent of amino acid or an inorganic salt
-> the agent helps forming hydrolytic enzymes y endospore membranes to digest cortex and expose core to water
Most of the spore-forming bactera are harmful
No.
Endospores are especially important
in food-canning industry for its potential to contaminate the foodYes
Bacterial cells can be classified based on...
cell wall that forms its figures
colonial arrangement
size
A type of Bacillus that is gently curved :___
the other one that is short and plump:___
vibrio; coccobacillus
Cell wall is rigid to retain its structure ad does not change
No. It can change with nutrition and hereditary differences.
Cocci/ Bacilli has more variety of colonial arrangement
cocci
Sporangium forms in this condition:
depletion of nutriends especially amino acids
Heat resistance is possible in endospores because of
high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid dehydrate the cells and prevent damages from the heat
Germination of endospores occurs when
water is present
with the agent of amino acid or an inorganic salt
-> the agent helps forming hydrolytic enzymes y endospore membranes to digest cortex and expose core to water
Most of the spore-forming bactera are harmful
No.
Endospores are especially important
in food-canning industry for its potential to contaminate the foodYes
Bacterial cells can be classified based on...
cell wall that forms its figures
colonial arrangement
size
A type of Bacillus that is gently curved :___
the other one that is short and plump:___
vibrio; coccobacillus
Cell wall is rigid to retain its structure ad does not change
No. It can change with nutrition and hereditary differences.
Cocci/ Bacilli has more variety of colonial arrangement
cocci
Sporangium forms in this condition:
depletion of nutriends especially amino acids
Heat resistance is possible in endospores because of
high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid dehydrate the cells and prevent damages from the heat
Germination of endospores occurs when
water is present
with the agent of amino acid or an inorganic salt
-> the agent helps forming hydrolytic enzymes y endospore membranes to digest cortex and expose core to water
Most of the spore-forming bactera are harmful
No.
Endospores are especially important
in food-canning industry for its potential to contaminate the foodYes
Ribosomes are in bacterial cell membrane?
Yes
Bacterial cells can be classified based on...
cell wall that forms its figures
colonial arrangement
size
A type of Bacillus that is gently curved :___
the other one that is short and plump:___
vibrio; coccobacillus
Cell wall is rigid to retain its structure ad does not change
No. It can change with nutrition and hereditary differences.
Cocci/ Bacilli has more variety of colonial arrangement
cocci
Classification is/ is not enough to identify "prokaryotes"
IS NOT
classification systems in the procaryotae
1. microscopic morphology
2.macroscopic morphology -colony appearance
3. physiological/ biochemical characteristics
4. chemical anaylsis
5.serological analysis
6. Genetic and molcular analysis
since PHENETIC classification method is not enough, now _____is used as a major resource for that purpose.
Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology
, PHYLOGENETIC
Thermal vents , Aquifex and radiation resistant Deinococcus are in Archaea
NO.
they are bacteria.
Phylum proeobacteria
-gram negative
-obligate intracellular parasites : rickettsias
Phylum Frimicutes
-gram positive
-low G+C
Phylum Actinobacteria
- gram positive
-high G+C
Phylum Tenericutes
bacterial without cel walls like Mycoplasma
Medical microbiologists assuredly use the phenogenetic methods to identify bacteria
No. they use phenotypic qualities in identification--> limited to bacterial disease agents not on nomenclature
- divides based on cell wall structure, shape, arrangement, physiological traits
Species of bacteria can be divded into ___
subspecies= strains and types
Bacteria from a single parent with different metabolism
different strain or variety (Flagella...)
*they are called biovars or morphovars
subspecies that show differences in antigenic make up (serotype/ serovar)or susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type), and pathogenicity (pathotype)?
TYPE
Bacteria is heterotrophic
NOt all-photosynthetic bacteria exist
Cyanobacteria has gram negative cell walls that have ____ which convert N gas into a usuable form to plants.
They have ___ that makes them float.
cysts; gas inclusions
Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
have bacteriocholorophyll
- makes sulfur not oxygen
-in anaerobic condition
Gliding, fruiting bacteria are gram ___ bacteria that live in water and soil.
NEGATIVE
- no flagella
-many morpho forms
Eukaryo/prokaryo/archea
: which is known to be the most ancient?
ARCHAEA
Since Rickettsias and Chlamydias are OIP, they are close to virus.
HmmmNO. they are still bacteria with celluar structure.
What isOIP -gram negative?
Rickettsias
what OIP cuases eye infection, secually transmitted diseases?
Chlamydias
Unique characteristics of ARCHAEA?
- unique membrane lipids and cell contstruction
- in extreme habitats
-unique genetic sequences in r RNA
Sulfur reducers are bacteria/ archaea?
ARCHAEA
archaea is adapted to:
hit
salt
acid PH
pressure
atmosphere