Microbiolgoy - Ch 13

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Infection

Back 1

A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissue and multiply.

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Disease

Back 2

Any deviation from health, disruption of a tissue or organ.

Caused by microbes or their products - infectious disease.

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Normal (Resident) Flora

Back 3

Includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and arthropods

Most areas of the body in contact with the outside environment harbor resident microbes; large intestine has the highest number of bacteria.
Internal organs and tissues and fluids are microbe-free.
Bacterial flora benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes - MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM.

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Skin

Back 4

Staphylococcus

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Gastrointestinal Tract

Back 5

Streptococcus

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Genital Tract

Back 6

Lactobacillus

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Urinary Tract

Back 7

Streptococcus

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Eye

Back 8

Staphylococci

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Ear

Back 9

Staphylococci, Streptococci

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True Pathogens

Back 10

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses - influenza virus, plague, bacillus, malarial protozoan

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Opportunistic Pathogens

Back 11

Cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them.

Psedudomonas sp & Candida albicans

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Virulence Factor

Back 12

Characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease.

Traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs - severity of disease.

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STORCH

Back 13

Syphilis
Toxoplamosis
Other diseases (Hepatitis B, Aids, and Chlamydia)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes

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Exogenous Agents

Back 14

Originate from source outside the body

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Endogenous Agents

Back 15

Already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

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Adhesion

Back 16

Microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen

Fimbre (locomotion)
Capsule (adhesive slime)
Spike (penetration)

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Antiphagocytic Factors

Back 17

Used to avoid phagocytosis

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Exoenzymes

Back 18

Digest epithelial tissue and permit invasion of pathogens

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Toxigenicity

Back 19

Capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication

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Endotoxins

Back 20

Lipdid A of LPS of gram-negative bacteria

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Exotoxins

Back 21

Proteins secreted by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

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Antiphagocytic Factors

Back 22

Help them to kill or avoid phagocytes; remain an irritant to host defenses.

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Localized Infection

Back 23

Microbes enter body and remain confined to a specific tissue

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Systemic Infection

Back 24

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream

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Focal Infection

Back 25

When infectious agents breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

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Mixed Infection

Back 26

Several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site (polymicrobial)

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Primary Infection

Back 27

Initial infection

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Secondary Infection

Back 28

Another infection, by a DIFFERENT microbe

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Acute Infection

Back 29

Comes on rapidly, with severe, but short-lived effects

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Chronic Infections

Back 30

Progress and persist over a long period of time.

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Leukocytosis

Back 31

Increase in white blood cells

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Leukopenia

Back 32

Decrease in white blood cells

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Septicemia

Back 33

Microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers

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Bacteremia

Back 34

Small numbers of bacteria present in blood, not necessarily multiplying

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Viremia

Back 35

Small number of viruses present, not necessarily multiplying

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Zoonosis

Back 36

An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

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Communicable Disease

Back 37

When an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host.

HIGHLY COMMUNICABLE DISEASE IS CONTAGIOUS.

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Non-communicable Disease

Back 38

Does not arise through transmission from host to host.

Occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal flora.

Contact with organism in natural, non-living reservoir.

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Nosocomial Infections

Back 39

Diseases that are acquired or developed during a hospital stay.

From surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and exposure to drug-resistant microorganisms.

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Endemic

Back 40

Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale.

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Sporadic

Back 41

When occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals.

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Epidemic

Back 42

When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected.

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Pandemic

Back 43

Epidemic across continents.